Distribution of physical characteristics of cases and functional instability status according to the Cumberland Foot and Ankle Instability Scale (CAIT)
| Sex (Female/Male) | 98/175 | |
|---|---|---|
| Age [year] | 34.4 ± 13.2 (18.0–78.0) | |
| Height [cm] | 168.7 ± 9.3 (150.0–198.0) | |
| Weight ([g] | 69.7 ± 16.0 (40.0–129.0) | |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 24.0 ± 4.8 (15.00–40.00) | |
| Right Side | Left Side | |
| Instability ≠ N (%) | 131 (48.1) | 128 (46.9) |
| Stability N (%) | 142 (52.0) | 145 (53.1) |
| Totala | 273 (100) | 273 (100) |
| Dominancy N (%) | 235 (86.1) | 38 (13.9) |
| Age Ranges | ||
| Having Instability (N =259 extremity/546) | ||
| 18–24 (years) | 46 (35.1) | 47 (36.7) |
| 25–34 (years) | 34 (26.0) | 37 (28.9) |
| 35–44 (years) | 24 (18.3) | 20 (15.6) |
| 45–64 (years) | 24 (18.3) | 21 (16.4) |
| 65–78 (years) | 3 (2.3) | 3 (2.3) |
| Total | 131 (100) | 128 (100) |
Comparison of CAIT scores according to BMI and gender on both sides
| N = 273 | CAIT (right) Mean ± SD | p-value | CAIT (left) Mean ± SD | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI [kg/m2] | ||||
| < 18.5 (underweight) | 27.7 ± 4.9 | F = 7.575 | 24.2 ± 6.8 | F = 3.13 |
| 18.5–24.9 (normal weight) | 25.9 ± 5.5 | 25.5 ± 6.2 | 0.017 | |
| 25.0–29.9 (over weight) | 25.6 ± 7.0 | 25.7 ± 6.8 | ||
| ≥ 30.00 (obese) | 20.4 ± 8.7 | 21.9 ± 8.4 | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 26.9 ± 4.6 | t = 3.49 | 26.5 ± 5.5 | t = 2.77 |
| Female | 24.0 ± 7.3 | 24.1 ± 7.5 | 0.006 |
Correlation between CAIT scores and pain severity, total pain areas and duration of pain on both sides
| r | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| CAIT (right) | Pain Level | −0.4 | 0.001 |
| Pain Duration (day) | −0.2 | 0.001 | |
| Pain Duration (week) | −0.2 | 0.001 | |
| Number of painful regions (right) | −0.4 | 0.001 | |
| Number of painful regions (left) | −0.3 | 0.001 | |
| CAIT (left) | CAIT (Right) | −0.7 | 0.001 |
| Pain Level | −0.3 | 0.001 | |
| Pain Duration (day) | −0.2 | 0.005 | |
| Pain Duration (week) | −0.2 | 0.005 | |
| Number of the painful regions (right) | −0.2 | 0.003 | |
| Number of the painful regions (left) | −0.4 | 0.001 | |
Linear regression analysis for predicting risk factors of CAIT (both sides) score
| B | p-value | B (95.0% CI) (Upper-Lower) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAIT Score (Right)a | ||||
| Total Number of Painful areas (Left Side) | 0.8 | 0.049 | 0.0 | 1.6 |
| Total Number of Painful areas (Right Side) | −2.2 | 0.000 | −2.3 | −1.4 |
| Pain Level (VAS) | −0.3 | 0.030 | −0.6 | −0.0 |
| CAIT (Left) Score | 0.6 | 0.000 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| Constant | 0.3 | 0.96 | −11.9 | 12.5 |
| CAIT Score (Left)b | ||||
| Total Number of Painful areas (Left Side) | −1.8 | 0.000 | −2.5 | −1.0 |
| Total Number of Painful areas (Right Side) | 1.6 | 0.000 | 0.7 | 2.4 |
| CAIT (Right) Score | 0.7 | 0.000 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
| Constant | 15.7 | 0.000 | 5.9 | 12.0 |