Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Demographic data of overhead athletes with SIS
| Variables | ET plus MT group (n = 5) | MCE Group (n = 5) | t-test | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 21.01 ± 1.04 | 21.22 ± 1.56 | 1.23 | 0.56 |
| Weight (kg) | 68.56 ± 1.45 | 67.92 ± 1.50 | 0.97 | 0.21 |
| Height (cm) | 172.89 ± 6.90 | 173.10 ± 5.56 | 0.91 | 0.92 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.87 ± 1.32 | 22.56 ± 1.01 | 1.45 | 0.34 |
| Duration of symptoms (weeks) | 12.45 ± 3.78 | 12.01 ± 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.46 |
| Years of playing | 4.44 ± 1.10 | 4.11 ± 1.78 | 0.75 | 0.18 |
| Sports Discipline | 3C/5V/2BB | 5C/1V/4BB | 0.55 | 0.15 |
| Affected side | 3R/2L | 4R/1L | n/a | n/a |
Detailed description of the intervention in the ET plus MT group (repetition and sets)
| Inception to Week 4 | Week 5 to 8 | |
|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 | ||
| ROM exercises | Daily: 1 set ×10 reps | Daily: 1 set ×10 reps |
| Stretching exercises (7 days a week) | ||
| Manual therapy | ||
| (Grade I to IV oscillatory technique) | 6 sessions in first 4 weeks | 6 sessions in second 4 weeks |
| Thoracic PA glides in prone position | ||
| Posterior & inferior GH glides in supine position | ||
| Strengthening exercises | ||
| Shoulder IR and ER (neutral position) | 1stweek: 2 sets × 10 reps | n/a |
| Shoulder extension | ||
| Scapular retraction and protraction(supine) | ||
| Scapular retraction with tuck in chin | ||
| Phase 2 | ||
| Shoulder elevation and flexion (up to 90°) and resisted extension | 3rd week: 2 sets ×10 reps | 2–3 sets × 10 reps |
| Shoulder ER and IR [45°–90°] | ||
| Quadruped push-up plus “camel” | ||
| Scapular “T” and “Y” exercise | ||
| Phase 3 | ||
| (in addition to phase 2 exercises) | n/a | Week 5 to 8: 2–3 sets × 10 reps |
| Chair press | ||
| protraction-plank |
Comparison of means and mean difference of AHD at two time-points
| Abduction Angle | Group | AHD (baseline) | AHD (Post-intervention) | Mean difference (Within group) | Between-group p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0° | ET plus MT | 7.74 ± 0.43 | 10.36 ± 0.11 | 2.62 ± 0.18* | 2.35 |
| MCE | 7.94 ± 0.92 | 8.01 ± 0.90 | 0.07 ± 0.91 | <0.05* | |
| 45° | ET plus MT | 6.84 ± 0.68 | 10.12 ± 0.10 | 3.28 ± 0.40* | 2.66 |
| MCE | 7.36 ± 0.78 | 7.46 ± 0.83 | 0.10 ± 0.52 | <0.05* | |
| 60° | ET plus MT | 6.29 ± 0.26 | 10.06 ± 0.32 | 3.77 ± 0.30* | 3.68 |
| MCE | 6.48 ± 0.27 | 6.38 ± 0.83 | 0.10 ± 0.45 | <0.05* |