Fig. 1.
Within-group comparison of various domains of Quality of Life
| Baseline to 2 months | From 2 months to 3 months | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | NR, PR | Z | p | NR, PR | Z | p | |
| TTG | Physical health | 0.00, 15.50 | 4.79** | 0.00 | 13, 15.07 | 1.46** | 0.00 |
| Psychological | 1.00, 15.50 | 4.69** | 0.00 | 0.00, 9.50 | 3.74** | 0.00 | |
| Social relationship | 10.50, 13.62 | 4.22** | 0.00 | 6, 12.27 | 4.07** | 0.00 | |
| Environment | 19.50, 14.31 | 4.19** | 0.00 | 12, 9.19 | 2.7** | 0.00 | |
| RPEG | Physical health | 0.00, 15.50 | 4.78** | 0.00 | 16.33, 11.50 | 2.71** | 0.00 |
| Psychological | 0.00, 15.50 | 4.78** | 0.00 | 14.20, 9.63 | 3.49** | 0.00 | |
| Social relationship | 0.00, 14.50 | 4.65** | 0.00 | 13.35, 14.67 | 3.36** | 0.00 | |
| Environment | 1.0, 13.50 | 4.55* | 0.00 | 12.11, 11.08 | 0.57 | 0.57 | |
| CG | Physical health | 7.75, 16.69 | 4.15** | 0.00 | 8.83, 9.83 | 1.45 | 0.15 |
| Psychological | 9.75, 11.77 | 1.31 | 0.19 | 7.50, 8.18 | 1.74 | 0.08 | |
| Social relationship | 6.25, 5.86 | 0.72 | 0.47 | 4.30, 3.23 | 1.27 | 0.20 | |
| Environment | 4.25, 3.90 | 0.94 | 0.35 | 1.75, 3.83 | 1.09 | 0.28 | |
Baseline characteristics of the study participants of all the groups
| Variables* | TTG (N = 30) | RPEG (N = 30) | CG (N = 30) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.17 ± 6.75 | 51.37 ± 6.38 | 49.53 ±7.37 | 0.55 |
| Sex (Male/Female) | 12/18 | 12/18 | 12/18 | 1.00 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.33 ± 3.15 | 26.42 ± 2.53 | 25.41 ± 3.19 | 0.35 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 5.17 ± 2.57 | 5.47 ± 2.67 | 5.07 ± 3.11 | 0.85 |
| RAPA Score | 3.5 ± 0.97 | 3.13 ± 0.90 | 3.57 ± 1.04 | 0.16 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 0.95 |
| FEF25–75 (l/s) | 1.80± 0.38 | 1.81 ± 0.58 | 1.81 ± 0.40 | 0.99 |
| PEFR (litre/second) | 4.42 ± 1.29 | 4.24 ±1.06 | 4.25 ± 1.06 | 0.78 |
| Predicted FVC (litre) | 2.46 ± 0.47 | 2.58 ± 0.48 | 2.70 ± 0.59 | 0.22 |
| Predicted FEV1 (litre) | 1.91 ± 0.38 | 2.00 ± 0.41 | 2.11 ± 0.49 | 0.21 |
Exercise protocol for the experimental groups
| Time course | Frequency | Intensity | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline to Week 4 | 5 times/week | For TTG: Comfortable level of talking | 45–50 min (including warm up and cool down) |
| Week 4 to Week 8 |
| For TTG: At comfortable-difficult level of talking |
Within-group comparison for Forced Vital Capacity
| Baseline to 8 weeks | 8 to 12 weeks | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | FVC (liter) | MD (95% CI) | d | p | MD (95% CI) | d | p | |
| TTG | Baseline | 2.19 ± 0.54 | ||||||
| 8 weeks | 2.30 ± 0.50 | 0.11 (0.08,0.15)** | 1.21 | 0.00 | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06)** | 1.26 | 0.00 | |
| 12 weeks | 2.34 ± 0.49 | |||||||
| RPEG | Baseline | 2.09 ± 0.54 | ||||||
| 8 weeks | 2.23 ± 0.35 | 0.14 (0.11, 0.18)** | 1.46 | 0.00 | 0.07, (0.02, 0.11)** | 0.51 | 0.00 | |
| 12 weeks | 2.30 ± 0.32 | |||||||
| CG | Baseline | 2.22 ± 0.38 | ||||||
| 8 weeks | 2.15 ± 0.52 | −0.07 (−0.09,–0.06)** | 1.69 | 0.00 | −0.01 (0.02,0.01)** | 0.55 | 0.00 | |
| 12 weeks | 2.14 ± 0.53 | |||||||
Within-group comparison for Forced Expiratory Volume at the first second
| Baseline to 8 weeks | 8 to 12 weeks | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | FEV1 (lit) | MD (95% CI) | d | p | MD (95% CI) | d | p | |
| TTG | Baseline | 1.71 ± 0.40 | ||||||
| 8 weeks | 1.83 ± 0.37 | 0.12 (0.09, 0.15)** | 1.42 | 0.00 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05)** | 1.08 | 0.00 | |
| 12 weeks | 1.87 ± 0.37 | |||||||
| RPEG | Baseline | 1.65 ± 0.31 | ||||||
| 8 weeks | 1.79 ± 0.30 | 0.14 (0.11, 0.18)** | 1.56 | 0.00 | 0.06 (0.02, 0.10)** | 0.57 | 0.00 | |
| 12 weeks | 1.85 ± 0.27 | |||||||
| CG | Baseline | 1.74 ± 0.40 | ||||||
| 8 weeks | 1.73 ± 0.41 | −0.00 (−0.02, 0.00) | 0.31 | 0.47 | 0.00 (−0.01,0.00) | 0.18 | 0.62 | |
| 12 weeks | 1.73 ± 0.41 | |||||||