| Bendixen et al. (2012) | To examine time spent in a physically active manner among boys with Duchenne dystrophy | 50 B with DMD, 25 healthy B, 5-15 years | Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 (PedsQLTM 4.0) | Participation in PA was lower in the group of boys with DMD than in boys with TD. Boys with DMD manifested lower levels of physical activity. |
| Calley et al. (2012) | To measure activity, participation and quality of life in children with CP and to compare them with children with TD | 38 (11 B, 8 G with CP, the same number without CP), 5-12 years | Activity - Pediatric Activity Card Sort (PACS), 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) Participation – LIFE-H QoL – Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire | Higher activity, participation and quality of life were noted in children with TD than in those with CP. More attention should be paid to children with disabilities and therapeutic interventions should be implemented in order to improve their functional state. |
| Van Wely et al. (2012) | To assess activity of children with bilateral spastic CP | 62 (39 B, 23 G with CP), 7-13 years | StepWatch Activity Monitor (SAM) | Children took more steps during school days than during weekend days. Physical activity at the weekend should be increased among children with CP. |
| Kwan et al. (2013) | Children with DCD (Developmental coordination disorder) | 61 B (19 with DCD and 42 without DCD) | Questionnaires, accelerometer | The research confirmed decreased physical activity in boys with CDC compared to boys with TD and its correlation with cognitive abilities. |
| Michelsen et al. (2013) | To evaluate the frequency of participation in social life and PA among adolescents with CP | 667 adolescents with CP, 4666 adolescents with TD, 13-17 years | Questionnaire of Young People’s Participation (QYPP) | Adolescents with CP spent less time with friends and were less independent in daily life than their peers; they spent less time doing sports but played electronic games as often as their peers. |
| Verschuren et al. (2013) | To compare anaerobic capacity in children with spastic CP who walk without support with children with TD, GMFCS I-II | 159 children (102 B, 57 G) with CP and 376 (175 B, 201 G) children with TD; mean age B: CP – 9.7, TD – 8.9 | The Muscle Power Sprint Test (MPST) | Anaerobic performance was lower in children with CP than in children with TD. Differences between children with CP and TD increased with height, particularly in children with CP classified at GMFCS level II. |
| Conchar et al. (2014) | To assess the participation of South African adolescents with CP in physical activity | 15 adolescents, 12-18 years | Interviews transcribed and analysed with the use of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) | The participants declared that their ability to engage in sports and effort depends on their physical limitations. There also exist psychological, social and environmental correlations with PA. |
| Mitchell et al. (2014) | To assess the correlations of physical, personal and environmental features with the level of PA in children with cerebral palsy | 102 children (52 B, 50 G) with unilateral CP, 8-17 years | ActiGraph – accelerometer, 6-minute test (6MWT), Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth (PEM-CY) | Younger age, male sex, increased performance in the 6MWT, increased participation at home and in the society (PEM-CY) were significantly associated with PA counts. |
| Obeid et al. (2014) | To measure sedentary time and frequency of breaks interrupting sedentary time in youth with CP compared with youth with TD, GMFCS I-III | 17 children with CP and 17 children with TD; 15 B, 2 G in each of the groups, children with CP | Accelerometer above 7 days. Time spent in a sedentary position in minutes and number of breaks were calculated | Children with CP engaged in significantly more sedentary time (47.5 min/h) and had fewer breaks (179) than children with TD (43.6 min/h and 232, respectively). Sedentary time was longer and there were fewer breaks in the group of children with CP. |
| Bloemen et al. (2015) | To summarise factors increasing the level of PA among children and youth with PD | 33 children and youth with SB, parents, 8-18 years (children and youth) | Physical Activity for Persons with a Disability (PAD), interview with participants | Personal and environmental factors were the main factors responsible for the presented level of PA indicated by the youth with PD. |
| Bohr et al. (2015) | The participation in PA was examined taking into account sex, pain, disease activity and functional ability of children with JIA | 133 (99 G, 34 B), 7-20 years | Accelerometer for 7 days | The level of PA was lower among children and youth with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis than in their peers. |
| Kolehmainen et al. (2015) | To identify body function and structure, activity, environmental and personal factors related to participation in physical play/leisure among CYPD | 17 CYPD, 6-8 years | Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE), therapist’s assessment | The examined children wanted to participate in PA but their disability and parents were significant limiting factors. The main reasons for limiting PA were parents (fear of injury, perceiving a child as insufficiently fit, family lifestyle) and the disability itself. |
| Marques et al. (2015) | To explore psychosocial correlations of PA among children and adolescents with spina bifida | 31 (15 B, 16 G), 10-17 years | Questionnaire collecting data on PA, demography and psychosocial variables | 38.7% reported to participate in both organized and non-organized physical activity. The majority of children did not participate in PA regularly. |
| Ryan et al. (2015) | To compare patterns of PA and sedentary behaviour between children with CP and TD, GMFCS I-III | 33 children with CP and 33 children with TD – 17 B, 17 G in each group: 6-10 years | RT3 – accelerometer above 7 days | Children with CP spent more time sitting and less time participating in PA. It is important to promote PA among children with CP from early childhood and enable them to participate in sport. |
| Shields et al. (2016) | To examine barriers and facilitators concerning participation in PA among children with disabilities | 10 groups, 63 participants (23 children with disabilities, 20 parents, 20 sport and recreation staff, children 10-18 years | Interview with participants, observation | Important barriers to participation in PA included the lack of family support and limited access to equipment properly adapted to the needs of individuals with disabilities. |
| Degerstedt et al. (2017) | To analyse how PTI and PA are allocated for children with CP | 313 children (172 B, 141 G) with CP, 6-11 years | Cerebral Palsy follow-Up Program (CPUP), Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) | Physiotherapists were involved more often with children who had lower motor function. Children with a lower intellectual level participated in PA less frequently. Further research is needed to ensure fair interventions. |
| Li et al. (2017) | To assess PA of children with PD in school and home settings | 35 children (26 B, 7 G) with PD | BEACHES (Behaviors of Eating and Activity for Children’s Health: Evaluation System) | Children spent the majority of time being physically inactive, but had more PA during breaks and lunch break. This study confirmed how little PA children with PD have in school settings. |
| Tristani et al. (2017) | To assess the theoretical content of PA information targeting parents of children with disabilities (CYWD) | Websites | Content Analysis Approach to Theory-specified Persuasive Educational Communication (CAATSPEC) | Over half of the knowledge-based information included suggestions and guidelines regarding PA. This research highlights the gaps between theory and practice, emphasizing the need for better knowledge-translation practices. |
| Wojtkowski et al. (2017) | To compare the quality of life of CYPD and healthy children assessed by parents | 105 children (57 B, 48 G), 5-18 years, parents | Child Health Questionnaire - Parent Form (BQ-PF28) | Lower quality of life of CYPD compared with the control group, both in terms of physical and psychosocial health. |
| Wyszyńska et al. (2017) | Correlation between PA and HPT | 568 (285 B, 283 G with ID, the same number without ID), 7-18 years | PORTSTAND 210 portable stadiometer, sphygmomanometer. Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) | The level of PA was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. A low level of PA in children with ID was related to a higher risk of HPT. |
| Van den Heuvel et al. (2017) | To examine the potential of IROMEC robot in rehabilitation and special education for CYPD | 25 children with parents Individual interviews, group interviews, questionnaire Robot IROMEC | Individual interviews, group interviews, questionnaire Robot IROMEC | The existing play scenarios of IROMEC have the potential to support play for children with severe physical disabilities, especially in the domains of movement functions, learning and applying knowledge and communication. The results of this study can be used to further develop meaningful robotic play interventions for CYPD. |
| Ionescu et al. (2018) | To present activities stimulating active lifestyle among DC | School-age children | Video created with the use of a sign language, books with cartoons, posters, programme of school education | Educational tools for children are useful resources. It is necessary to intensify the efforts aimed at promoting active lifestyle of DC. |
| Leo et al. (2018) | To examine PA preferences and attitudes of CYPD | 38 (21 B, 17 G) with PD | 7-day physical activity questionnaire | Low or moderate level of PA among children with PD. Swimming is the most frequently chosen type of PA. Alternative forms of PA for CYPD should be sought. |
| Protic et al. (2018) | To examine the relationship between PA and executive functions among children with ID | 104 (62 B, 42 G) with ID, 7-18 years | GT3X Actigraph accelerometer, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF) | The level of ID was a significant predictive factor in all the short scales. Future research may focus on determining appropriate physical activity that would influence the development of executive functions among children with ID. |
| Robertson et al. (2018) | To compare the participation in PA by children with ID in order to identify socio-demographic predictors of participation | Children with ID,13-14 years | Secondary analysis of Next Steps, educational records | The rate of participation in PA was higher among participants without ID. Costs, transport and lack of support were common obstacles in PA participation among children with ID. |
| Willis et al. (2018) | To assess how an intervention increasing participation in PA makes it possible for CD to participate in PA | 31 (18 B,13 G), 5-17 years, 44 parents | Observation of participation, interviews, focus groups | Three main mechanisms promoting outcomes: (1) support and relations: basic mechanism, (2) participation-focused approach and (3) investing in the future. |
| Zwinkels et al. (2018) | To examine the effects of school-based sports programme on CYPD | 71 children (39 B, 32 G) CYPD, 8-19 years | Muscle Power Sprint Test | A significant improvement of 16% in favour of the sport group was found for anaerobic performance. Anaerobic performance and fat mass improved following a school-based sports program. These effects are promising for long-term health promotion. |
