Mean values of main left ventricular diastolic function parameters in the entire study population at baseline, by age group
| 2 – 5 years | 6 – 9 years | 10 – 13 years | 14 – 18 years | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-wave (m/s) | 1.02 (±0.10) | 0.99 (±0.13) | 0.88 (±0.11) | 0.87 (±0.10) | 0.92 (±0.13) |
| A-wave (m/s) | 0.63 (±0.04) | 0.62 (±0.13) | 0.59 (±0.11) | 0.57 (±0.09) | 0.60 (±0.11) |
| E/A | 1.59 (±0.17) | 1.66 (±0.35) | 1.54 (±0.31) | 1.56 (±0.28) | 1.58 (±0.31) |
| DT (ms) | 105.6 (±23.78) | 136.9 (±23.92) | 134.63 (±24.76) | 148.55 (±27.22) | 137.21(±27.28) |
| IVRT | 51.40 (±7.03) | 63.23 (±14.78) | 65.20 (±13.66) | 71.05 (±9.03) | 65.26 (±13.47) |
| Vp | 73.68 (±10.81) | 65.67 (±14.49) | 66.77 (±17.53) | 60.13 (±14.42) | 65.11 (±15.79) |
| E/Vp | 1.42 (±0.28) | 1.61 (±0.47) | 1.41 (±0.39) | 1.52 (±0.33) | 1.50 (±0.40) |
| e’ lateral septal | 13.68 (±1.80) | 12.67 (±2.23) | 13.43 (±1.37) | 12.98 (±2.74) | 13.10 (±2.07) |
| E/e’ septal | 7.35 (±0.55) | 8.26 (±3.1) | 6.56 (±0.66) | 7 (±1.51) | 7.24 (±2.03) |
| e’ lateral lateral | 18.32 (±2.85) | 17.73 (±3.61) | 19.19 (±2.68) | 19.17 (4.12) | 18.68 (±3.5) |
| E/e’ lateral | 5.59 (±0.96) | 5.88 (±1.65) | 4.66 (±0.84) | 4.72 (±0.88) | 5.11 (±1.28) |
Comparison of mean stroke volume and cardiac output, normalized to body surface area
| Excess weight M (SD) | Controls M (SD) | Statistical analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke volume normalized to body surface area | 28.97 (5.83) | 34.49 (7.77) | t(66)= −3.3 |
| Cardiac index | 2.49 (0.57) | 2.9 (0.91) | t(39.6)= −2.1 |
Baseline participant characteristics
| Category | Excess weight | Control | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting plasma glucose | | | |
| Lipid profile | |||
| Modifieda total cholesterol (%) | 64.9 | 26.9 | <0.01 |
| Modifieda triglycerides (%) | 50 | 20 | <0.05 |
| HTN prevalence (ABPM)b (%) | 14.3 | 4 | NS |
| Metabolic syndromec (%) | 21.1 | 0 | <0.05 |
Comparison of mean stroke volume and cardiac output, normalized to body surface area to its age-specific allometric power for individuals under 18 years of age5
| Excess weight M (SD) | Controls M (SD) | Statistical analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke volume normalized to body surface area0.82 | 31.12 (6.44) | 36.83 (8.73) | t(66)= −3.1 |
| Cardiac output normalized to body surface area0.53 | 3 (0.72) | 3.4 (1.06) | t(66)= −1.87 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction in the excess weight and normal weight groups_ Percentages are derived from total valid measurements in all participants, regardless of weight status
| Teichholz | Simpson's biplane | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EW | NW | EW | NW | |
| LVEF <50%, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.51%) | 0 (0%) |
| LVEF 50–54.9%, n (%) | 2 (2.81%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (9.09%) | 0 (0%) |
| LVEF 55–59.9%, n (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 13 (19.69%) | 4 (6.06%) |
| LVEF 60–69.9%, n (%) | 15 (21.12%) | 9 (12.67%) | 18 (27.27%) | 19 (28.78%) |
| LVEF ≥70%, n (%) | 25 (35.21%) | 19 (26.76%) | 2 (3.03%) | 3 (4.54%) |