Phytosociological patterns along a soil nutrient gradient in sacred groves of Haryana

Aman Mahla; Himanshi Dhiman; Harikesh Saharan; Anita Rani Sehrawat

doi:10.3986/hacq-2025-0024

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Phytosociological patterns along a soil nutrient gradient in sacred groves of Haryana

Hacquetia

Volume 25 (2026): Issue 1 (June 2026)

By: Aman Mahla , Himanshi Dhiman , Harikesh Saharan and Anita Rani Sehrawat

Open Access

|Jun 2026

Figures & Tables

Map showing the location of Haryana in India and the SGs selected for the present study.

Climograph of the selected districts of Western Haryana showing mean average temperature, precipitation, and humidity (www.worldweatheronline.com).

Proportion of families covering encountered plant species during the present study (left) and graphs comparing the species-family richness in the four SGs (right).

Frequency class distribution of plant species across the selected SGs.

Stand density (per hectare) of trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers in the four SGs.

Raincloud plots representing the values of diversity indices i.e., Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’), Simpson’s concentration of dominance (CD), Pielou index of evenness (E) and Margalef index of species richness (d) in the four SGs.

Boxplot (Tukey *post-hoc* analysis) showing the comparative analysis of soil properties in selected SGs. Different letters above the box plots indicate statistically significant differences among sacred groves at p < 0.05, based on Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test.

Correlation of the selected parameters (floristic and edaphic) in the study. F = Frequency; D = Density; A = Abundance, BA = Basal Area; H’ = Shannon Wiener Index; CD = Simpson Index; E = Pielou Index, d = Margalef index, EC = Electrical conductivity, BD = Bulk density, N = Soil Nitrogen content, P = Soil Phosphorus content, K = Soil Potassium content, OC = Soil Organic Carbon.

Table 1:

Analytical characteristics of plant species encountered in Bidola SG.

S. N.	Name of Plant species	D	F	A	A/F	BA	IVI
	Trees
1	Acacia nilotica	5	10	2	0.2	0.158	7.19
2	Acacia tortilis	432.5	100	17.3	0.173	0.845	89.1
3	Azadirachta indica	5	10	2	0.2	0.025	4.31
4	Balenites aegyptiaca	17.5	10	7	0.7	0.034	5.58
5	Dalbergia sissoo	5	10	2	0.2	0.195	7.99
6	Prosopis cineraria	132.5	50	10.6	0.212	1.796	67.08
7	Prosopis juliflora	367.5	30	49	1.633	0.869	60.65
8	Salvadora oleoides	130	40	13	0.325	0.361	32.41
9	Ziziphus jujuba	20	30	2.667	0.089	0.212	16.33
	Total	1115		105.6		4.495	300
	Shrubs
1	Abutilon indicum	332.5	60	22.17	0.369	0.0103	36.90
2	Calotropis procera	187.5	60	12.5	0.208	0.00172	26.62
3	Capparis decidua	350	90	15.56	0.173	0.49046	131.46
4	Capparis sepiaria	32.5	20	6.5	0.325	0.01268	9.23
5	Maytenus emarginata	82.5	70	4.714	0.067	0.00369	23.14
6	Parthenium hysterophorus	500	40	50	1.25	0.01043	42.03
7	Ziziphus nummularia	172.5	60	11.5	0.192	0.02906	30.61
	Total	1657.5		122.9		0.55833	300
	Herbs
1	Achyranthes aspera	837.5	100	33.5	0.335	0.01478	20.52625
2	Alternanthera sessilis	70	20	14	0.7	0.00025	1.56365
3	Alysicarpus vaginalis	177.5	20	35.5	1.775	0.00197	3.35079
4	Amaranthus palmeri	17.5	20	3.5	0.175	0.00108	2.03256
5	Amaranthus roxburghianus	175	30	23.33	0.778	0.00168	3.65783
6	Argemone maxicana	35	20	7	0.35	0.00042	1.56828
7	Boerhavia diffusa	412.5	90	18.33	0.204	0.00226	8.31589
8	Boerhavia erecta	50	20	10	0.5	0.00018	1.43202
9	Cenchrus ciliaris	350	40	35	0.875	0.00105	4.36089
10	Chenopodium album	12.5	10	5	0.5	0.00014	0.70905
11	Chenopodium murale	585	80	29.25	0.366	0.00073	7.18756
12	Cleome viscosa	5	10	2	0.2	0.00014	0.68078
13	Commelina benghalensis	622.5	90	27.67	0.307	0.0054	11.63029
14	Corchorus aestuans	82.5	20	16.5	0.825	0.00164	2.72751
15	Corchorus olitorius	65	30	8.667	0.289	0.00119	2.84946
16	Croton bonplandianus	350	30	46.67	1.556	0.00146	4.14083
17	Cyanthillium cinereum	277.5	70	15.86	0.227	0.00712	10.61259
18	Cynodon dactylon	8160	100	326.4	3.264	0.00453	39.89737
19	Cyperus rotundus	1125	40	112.5	2.813	0.00069	6.99343
20	Dactyloctenium aegyptium	752.5	50	60.2	1.204	0.00072	6.16265
21	Digera muricata	180	40	18	0.45	0.00008	2.94068
22	Digitaris ciliaris	52.5	10	21	2.1	0.00005	0.78755
23	Eragrostis tenella	1697.5	90	75.44	0.838	0.00083	12.01151
24	Euphorbia granulata	412.5	50	33	0.66	0.00004	4.33453
25	Euphorbia hirta	232.5	30	31	1.033	0.00028	2.74984
26	Euphorbia prostata	70	20	14	0.7	0.00093	2.10997
27	Evolvulus alsinoides	105	20	21	1.05	0.00002	1.51082
28	Heliotropium strigosum	102.5	20	20.5	1.025	0.00005	1.5255
29	Indigofera linnaei	47.5	20	9.5	0.475	0.00015	1.39849
30	Launaea nudicaulis	17.5	20	3.5	0.175	0.00005	1.20505
31	Mollugo nudicaulis	12.5	10	5	0.5	0.00001	0.60461
32	Pedalium murex	57.5	10	23	2.3	0.00157	2.02758
33	Peristrophe bicalyculata	2985	70	170.6	2.437	0.03687	44.72128
34	Physalis minima	30	20	6	0.3	0.00014	1.32448
35	Poa annua	427.5	50	34.2	0.684	0.00207	6.02199
36	Portulaca pilosa	105	20	21	1.05	0.00029	1.72774
37	Pupalia lappacia	712.5	80	35.63	0.445	0.01222	16.89938
38	Setaria viridis	3810	90	169.3	1.881	0.00121	20.28098
39	Sida cordifolia	125	30	16.67	0.556	0.00044	2.4731
40	Spergula arvensis	250	20	50	2.5	0.00042	2.37884
41	Trianthema portulacastrum	10	10	4	0.4	0.00002	0.60322
42	Tribulus terrestris	60	30	8	0.267	0.00007	1.93079
43	Verbena officinalis	185	30	24.67	0.822	0.00009	2.41811
44	Verbesina encelioides	267.5	40	26.75	0.669	0.00956	10.88685
45	Withania somnifera	10	10	4	0.4	0.00026	0.79604
46	Xanthium strumarium	312.5	50	25	0.5	0.00779	10.18392
47	Zaleya pentandra	85	40	8.5	0.213	0.00153	3.74747
	Total	26525		1710.1		0.12447	300
	Climbers
1	Cucumis callosus	145	70	8.286	0.118	0.00101	137.4887
2	Momordica charantia	55	40	5.5	0.138	0.00005	35.26089
3	Mukia maderspatana	207.5	80	10.38	0.13	0.00019	99.35883
4	Pergularia daemia	25	20	5	0.25	0.00018	27.89157
	Total	432.5		29.166		0.00143	300

1 Abbreviations: F = Frequency, D = Density, A = Abundance, BA = Basal Area, A/F = Abundance to Frequency ratio, IVI = Importance Value Index.

Table 2:

Analytical characteristics of plant species encountered in Makrana Johra SG.

S. N.	Name of Plant species	D	F	A	A/F	BA	IVI
	Trees
1	Acacia nilotica	5	6.67	3	0.45	0.274	7.4994
2	Acacia senegal	8.33	13.3	2.5	0.19	0.738	17.137
3	Acacia tortilis	296.7	100	11.867	0.12	1.474	122.22
4	Anogeissus pendula	3.33	6.67	2	0.3	0.174	5.8668
5	Azadirachta indica	5	6.67	3	0.45	0.0223	4.2244
6	Pongamia pinnata	3.33	6.67	2	0.3	0.00008	3.6046
7	Prosopis cineraria	3.33	6.67	2	0.3	0.265	7.0532
8	Salvadora oleoides	178.3	80	8.9167	0.11	4.744	132.39
	Total	503.3		35.283		7.693	300
	Shrubs
1	Abutilon indicum	255	80	12.75	0.16	0.005	42.82
2	Calotropis procera	103.3	73.3	5.6364	0.08	0.005	27.328
3	Capparis decidua	155	66.7	9.3	0.14	1.086	105.76
4	Capparis sepiaria	10	6.67	6	0.9	0.128	11.453
5	Grewia tenax	3.333	6.67	2	0.3	0.007	2.3968
6	Gymnosporia senegalensis	23.33	26.7	3.5	0.13	0.119	16.814
7	Maytenus emarginata	71.67	53.3	5.375	0.1	0.011	20.057
8	Opuntia dillenii	15	6.67	9	1.35	0.048	6.2927
9	Parthenium hysterophorus	408.3	46.7	35	0.75	0.024	50.285
10	Phyllanthus reticulatus	20	20	4	0.2	0.00074	6.651
11	Solanum incanum	11.67	20	2.3333	0.12	0.00057	5.8734
12	Ziziphus nummularia	11.67	13.3	3.5	0.26	0.00032	4.2688
	Total	1088		98.395		1.436	300
	Herbs
1	Achyranthes aspera	518.3	86.7	23.923	0.27593	0.0043	11.09814
2	Aerva javanica	68.33	20	13.667	0.68335	0.0019	2.89221
3	Alternanthera sessilis	71.67	13.3	21.5	1.61654	0.0002	1.38994
4	Amaranthus spinosus	51.67	26.7	7.75	0.29026	0.0043	4.78379
5	Boerhavia diffusa	260	80	13	0.16250	0.0018	8.04561
6	Chenopodium album	11.67	6.67	7	1.04948	0.0002	0.67410
7	Cleome viscosa	3.333	6.67	2	0.29985	0.0001	0.54906
8	Commelina benghalensis	656.7	80	32.833	0.41041	0.0050	11.64586
9	Corchorus olitorius	356.7	73.3	19.455	0.26542	0.0050	9.88787
10	Croton bonplandianus	38.33	13.3	11.5	0.86466	0.0003	1.30901
11	Cynodon dactylon	9065	100	362.6	3.62600	0.0055	47.59270
12	Cyperus rotundus	165	26.7	24.75	0.92697	0.0001	2.71134
13	Dactyloctenium aegyptium	281.7	26.7	42.25	1.58240	0.0011	3.79964
14	Digera muricata	30	13.3	9	0.67669	0.0014	1.94341
15	Digitaria ciliaris	256.7	33.3	30.8	0.92492	0.0003	3.69364
16	Eragrostis tenella	1123	53.3	84.25	1.58068	0.0002	8.61657
17	Erigeron bonariensis	20	20	4	0.20000	0.0001	1.60290
18	Euphorbia granulata	105	20	21	1.05000	0.0000	1.91009
19	Euphorbia hirta	48.33	13.3	14.5	1.09023	0.0002	1.27070
20	Evolvulus alsinoides	11.67	6.67	7	1.04948	0.0002	0.68625
21	Evolvulus nummularius	35	6.67	21	3.14843	0.0000	0.64220
22	Glinus lotoides	541.7	20	108.33	5.41650	0.0016	4.65364
23	Heliotropium strigosum	55	13.3	16.5	1.24060	0.0001	1.26424
24	Indigofera linnaei	50	26.7	7.5	0.28090	0.0001	2.24357
25	Mollugo nudicaulis	63.33	33.3	7.6	0.22823	0.0003	2.88887
26	Pedalium murex	6.667	13.3	2	0.15038	0.0003	1.19237
27	Peristrophe bicalycualta	4153	100	166.13	1.66130	0.1165	95.08587
28	Perotis indica	448.3	33.3	53.8	1.61562	0.0002	4.40616
29	Phyllanthus fraternus	63.33	46.7	5.4286	0.11624	0.0003	3.86710
30	Poa annua	333.3	53.3	25	0.46904	0.0016	6.29142
31	Portulaca pilosa	56.67	20	11.333	0.56665	0.0002	1.79981
32	Pupalia lappacia	433.3	80	21.667	0.27084	0.0018	8.78697
33	Setaria viridis	5037	80	251.83	3.14788	0.0026	27.96850
34	Sida cordifolia	10	13.3	3	0.22556	0.0001	1.06030
35	Trianthema portulacastrum	6.667	6.67	4	0.59970	0.00002	0.53182
36	Tribulus terrestris	105	40	10.5	0.26250	0.0004	3.60216
37	Triumfetta rhomboidea	6.667	13.3	2	0.15038	0.0001	1.07693
38	Verbesina encelioides	11.67	6.67	7	1.04948	0.0022	1.85880
39	Xanthium strumarium	18.33	13.3	5.5	0.41353	0.0042	3.60920
40	Zaleya pentandra	6.667	13.3	2	0.15038	0.0001	1.06709
	Total	24584.7		1484.897		0.1646	300
	Climbers
1	Citrullus colocynthis	6.667	13.3	2	0.15038	0.0001	2.150
2	Coccinia grandis	76.67	40	7.6667	0.19167	0.0005	7.859
3	Cucumis callosus	191.7	93.3	8.2143	0.08804	0.0068	8.309
4	Ipomoea pes-tigridis	165	46.7	14.143	0.30285	0.0008	14.447
5	Ipomoea triloba	3.333	6.67	2	0.29985	0.0000	2.300
6	Mukia maderspatana	95	66.7	5.7	0.08546	0.0002	5.786
7	Pergularia daemia	53.33	33.3	6.4	0.19219	0.0003	6.593
	Total	591.7		46.124		0.0088	300

1 Abbreviations: F = Frequency, D = Density, A = Abundance, BA = Basal Area, A/F = Abundance to Frequency ratio, IVI = Importance Value Index.

Table 3:

Analytical characteristics of plant species encountered in Sultanpur SG.

S. N.	Name of Plant species	D	F	A	A/F	BA	IVI
	Trees
1	Acacia nilotica	120	80	6	0.075	1.52866	50.57
2	Acacia tortilis	185	73.333	10.1	0.138	0.30968	54.898
3	Azadirachta indica	3.33	6.6667	2	0.3	0.00006	2.3202
4	Ficus beghalensis	3.33	6.6667	2	0.3	0.76699	6.199
5	Ficus religiosa	3.33	13.333	1	0.075	0.64173	7.2604
6	Melia azedarach	6.67	13.333	2	0.15	0.0104	4.6925
7	Mimosa hamata	11.67	6.6667	7	1.05	0.01338	3.9501
8	Morus alba	10	33.333	1.2	0.036	0.0005	10.352
9	Prosopis cineraria	55	33.333	6.6	0.198	0.44841	21.055
10	Prosopis juliflora	100	60	6.67	0.111	0.20382	35.035
11	Salvadora oleoides	28.33	53.333	2.13	0.04	15.8416	98.991
12	Syzygium cumini	3.33	6.6667	2	0.3	0.00679	2.3543
13	Ziziphus jujuba	3.33	6.6667	2	0.3	0.00042	2.3221
	Total	533.3		50.7		19.7725	300
	Shrubs
1	Abutilon indicum	105	46.667	9	0.193	0.01554	34.855
2	Calotropis procera	121.7	46.667	10.4	0.223	0.00139	25.132
3	Capparis decidua	113.3	66.667	6.8	0.102	0.07721	89.714
4	Capparis sepiaria	30	26.667	4.5	0.169	0.01074	19.106
5	Maytenus emarginata	10	6.6667	6	0.9	0.00049	3.2597
6	Parthenium hysterophorus	823.3	66.667	49.4	0.741	0.01693	96.392
7	Phyllanthus reticulatus	73.33	13.333	22	1.65	0.00218	11.471
8	Ziziphus nummularia	51.67	40	5.17	0.129	0.0044	20.069
	Total	1328		113		0.129	300
	Herbs
1	Achyranthes aspera	455	73.333	24.8	0.338	0.0326	26.339
2	Aerva javanica	105	26.667	15.8	0.591	0.00085	3.1068
3	Alternanthera sessilis	210	13.333	63	4.725	0.00085	2.4833
4	Amaranthus viridis	15	13.333	4.5	0.338	0.00003	1.164
5	Anagallis arvensis	96.67	13.333	29	2.175	0.00005	1.5344
6	Argemone maxicana	125	40	12.5	0.313	0.00375	5.9076
7	Arnebia hispidissima	3.333	6.6667	2	0.3	0.00031	0.7283
8	Boerhavia diffusa	236.7	20	47.3	2.367	0.00214	3.8685
9	Cenchrus ciliaris	166.7	20	33.3	1.667	0.00026	2.5006
10	Centaurea sp.	248.3	40	24.8	0.621	0.0006	4.6741
11	Chenopodium album	195	20	39	1.95	0.0003	2.6476
12	Chenopodium murale	381.7	40	38.2	0.954	0.00394	7.1473
13	Convolvulus arvensis	363.3	53.333	27.3	0.511	0.00489	8.6822
14	Coronopus didymus	1548	33.333	186	5.574	0.02425	23.201
15	Croton bonplandianus	380	66.667	22.8	0.342	0.00503	9.9146
16	Cyanthillium cinereum	111.7	40	11.2	0.279	0.00029	3.8966
17	Cynodon dactylon	4088	100	164	1.635	0.00209	27.301
18	Cyperus rotundus	483.3	26.667	72.5	2.719	0.00098	4.8464
19	Datura innoxia	61.67	13.333	18.5	1.388	0.00104	1.938
20	Eclipta alba	91.67	6.6667	55	8.25	0.00033	1.1303
21	Erigeron canadensis	188.3	20	37.7	1.883	0.00128	3.1721
22	Euphorbia dracunculoides	18.33	6.6667	11	1.65	0.00015	0.7079
23	Euphorbia granulata	518.3	60	34.6	0.576	0.00086	7.6311
24	Euphorbia prostrata	148.3	13.333	44.5	3.338	0.00029	1.8965
25	Evolvulus nummularius	308.3	6.6667	185	27.75	0.00006	1.9332
26	Fagonia indica	6.667	6.6667	4	0.6	0.00009	0.6205
27	Glinus lotoides	1695	46.667	145	3.113	0.01602	20.288
28	Gnaphalium purpureum	158.3	40	15.8	0.396	0.00107	4.5426
29	Heliotropium strigosum	113.3	13.333	34	2.55	0.00047	1.8482
30	Launaea nudicaulis	121.7	46.667	10.4	0.223	0.00141	5.1151
31	Malvastrum coromandelianum	141.7	6.6667	85	12.75	0.00092	1.6861
32	Orobanche aegyptiaca	6.667	6.6667	4	0.6	0.00008	0.6173
33	Oxalis corniculata	168.3	6.6667	101	15.15	0.00101	1.8513
34	Paspalidium dilatatum	65	6.6667	39	5.85	0.00015	0.9104
35	Polygonum aviculare	4282	40	428	10.7	0.00915	27.269
36	Pupalia lappacea	6.667	6.6667	4	0.6	0.0001	0.6286
37	Ranunculus sceleratus	3480	33.333	418	12.53	0.02525	32.274
38	Rumex dentatus	258.3	20	51.7	2.583	0.00224	4.0205
39	Sida cordifolia	25	6.6667	15	2.25	0.00094	1.1832
40	Sissymbrium irio	651.7	53.333	48.9	0.916	0.00048	7.467
41	Solanum nigrum	3.333	6.6667	2	0.3	0.00046	0.8171
42	Solanum virginianum	88.33	20	17.7	0.883	0.00828	6.6828
43	Sonchus oleraceus	3.333	6.6667	2	0.3	0.00006	0.5908
44	Spergula arvensis	233.3	26.667	35	1.313	0.00022	3.313
45	Vernonica anagallis-aquatica	378.3	6.6667	227	34.05	0.0026	3.675
46	Withania somnifera	85	20	17	0.85	0.01593	10.979
47	Zaleya pentandra	176.7	33.333	21.2	0.636	0.00317	5.2682
	Total	22697		2929		0.17731	300
	Climbers
1	Citrullus colocynthis	8.333	6.6667	5	0.75	0.00005	90.886
2	Momordica dioica	15	13.333	4.5	0.338	0.00019	209.45
	Total	23.333		9.5		0.00024	300

1 Abbreviations: F = Frequency, D = Density, A = Abundance, BA = Basal Area, A/F = Abundance to Frequency ratio, IVI = Importance Value Index.

Table 4:

Analytical characteristics of plant species encountered in Dhingsara SG.

S. N.	Name of Plant species	D	F	A	A/F	BA	IVI
	Trees
1	Ailanthus excelsa	11.667	13.33	3.5	0.26	0.703	10.735
2	Acacia leucophloea	10	6.667	6	0.9	0.686	7.9981
3	Acacia nilotica	21.667	46.67	1.857	0.04	0.748	24.354
4	Acacia tortilis	58.333	53.33	4.375	0.08	1.875	38.222
5	Azadirachta indica	6.6667	20	1.333	0.07	0.599	11.937
6	Casuarina equisetifolia	3.3333	6.667	2	0.3	0.357	5.1201
7	Dalbergia sissoo	3.3333	6.667	2	0.3	0.363	5.1599
8	Ficus religiosa	6.6667	13.33	2	0.15	1.802	17.254
9	Prosopis cineraria	3.3333	13.33	1	0.08	0.25	6.8664
10	Prosopis juliflora	743.33	60	49.56	0.83	2.891	124.94
11	Salvadora oleoides	13.333	33.33	1.6	0.05	5.226	47.409
	Total	881.67		75.22		15.507	300
	Shrubs
1	Abutilon indicum	61.667	40	6.167	0.15	0.00359	32.573
2	Calotropis procera	6.6667	13.33	2	0.15	0.00089	8.0534
3	Capparis decidua	118.33	60	7.889	0.13	0.24119	135.65
4	Grewia tenax	3.3333	6.667	2	0.3	0.00767	6.5329
5	Maytenus emarginata	21.667	20	4.333	0.22	0.00138	14.363
6	Opuntia dillenii	23.333	6.667	14	2.1	0.01189	11.88
7	Parthenium hysterophorus	248.33	26.67	37.25	1.4	0.01951	67.891
8	Phyllanthus reticulatus	28.333	26.67	4.25	0.16	0.00009	18.436
9	Ziziphus nummularia	3.3333	6.667	2	0.3	0.00215	4.6186
	Total	515		79.89		0.28836	300
	Herbs
1	Achyranthes aspera	548.33	73.33	29.91	0.41	0.00256	11.194
2	Aerva javanica	46.667	33.33	5.6	0.17	0.00317	5.5104
3	Alternanthera pungens	5	6.667	3	0.45	0.00007	0.6483
4	Alternanthera sessilis	41.667	6.667	25	3.75	0.00024	0.9805
5	Anisomeles indica	16.667	13.33	5	0.38	0.00026	1.4229
6	Argemone maxicana	5	6.667	3	0.45	0.00021	0.7525
7	Cenchrus biflorus	118.33	26.67	17.75	0.67	0.00114	3.7877
8	Cenchrus ciliarias	41.667	6.667	25	3.75	0.00006	0.8407
9	Chenopodium album	75	33.33	9	0.27	0.00022	3.4147
10	Chenopodium murale	60	13.33	18	1.35	0.00005	1.5024
11	Commelina benghalensis	435	33.33	52.2	1.57	0.01063	13.312
12	Convolvulus prostratus	16.667	13.33	5	0.38	0.00003	1.2536
13	Corchorus aestuans	15	13.33	4.5	0.34	0.00012	1.3111
14	Croton bonplandianus	601.67	73.33	32.82	0.45	0.01054	17.568
15	Cynodon dactylon	5651.7	100	226.1	2.26	0.00321	41.852
16	Cyperus rotundus	88.333	13.33	26.5	1.99	0.00043	1.9458
17	Dactyloctenium aegyptium	1153.3	86.67	53.23	0.61	0.00419	16.882
18	Digera muricata	523.33	80	26.17	0.33	0.00119	10.584
19	Digitaria ciliaris	465	53.33	34.88	0.65	0.00053	7.4898
20	Echinochloa crus-galli	251.67	40	25.17	0.63	0.00705	10.158
21	Eragrostis tenella	731.67	53.33	54.88	1.03	0.0003	8.7709
22	Erigeron bonariensis	18.333	6.667	11	1.65	0.00007	0.7235
23	Euphorbia granualata	240	26.67	36	1.35	0.00002	3.6018
24	Heliotropium strigosum	23.333	13.33	7	0.53	0.00013	1.3665
25	Indigofera linnaei	16.667	6.667	10	1.5	0.00008	0.7168
26	Oxalis corniculata	38.333	6.667	23	3.45	0.00001	0.7808
27	Paspalidium flavidum	21.667	6.667	13	1.95	0.00003	0.7065
28	Peristrophe bicalyculata	6293.3	86.67	290.5	3.35	0.07328	97.599
29	Physalis minima	46.667	20	9.333	0.47	0.00253	3.8854
30	Poa annua	16.667	6.667	10	1.5	0.0001	0.7331
31	Portulaca pilosa	5	6.667	3	0.45	0.00001	0.6049
32	Pupalia lappacea	190	40	19	0.48	0.00108	5.271
33	Setaria viridis	130	20	26	1.3	0.00009	2.4867
34	Sida cordifolia	196.67	46.67	16.86	0.36	0.00434	8.3613
35	Solanum xanthocarpum	36.667	13.33	11	0.83	0.00131	2.3375
36	Tephrosia purpurea	68.333	20	13.67	0.68	0.00018	2.2165
37	Trianthema portulacastrum	15	20	3	0.15	0.00022	1.9576
38	Triumfetta rhomboidea	31.667	20	6.333	0.32	0.00075	2.4473
39	Verbesina encelioides	11.667	6.667	7	1.05	0.00077	1.22
40	Xanthium strumarium	8.3333	20	1.667	0.08	0.00007	1.8015
	Total	18300		1200		0.13128	300
	Climbers
1	Citrullus colocynthis	10	13.33	3	0.23	0.00044	44.47
2	Cucumis callosus	223.33	93.33	9.571	0.1	0.00064	175.72
3	Ipomoea pes-tigridis	26.667	20	5.333	0.27	0.00012	29.301
4	Merremia aegyptia	8.3333	13.33	2.5	0.19	0.00006	15.207
5	Momordica diocia	13.333	6.667	8	1.2	0.00003	10.231
6	Mukia maderspatana	23.333	26.67	3.5	0.13	0.00003	25.075
	Total	305		31.9		0.00132	300

1 Abbreviations: F = Frequency, D = Density, A = Abundance, BA = Basal Area, A/F = Abundance to Frequency ratio, IVI = Importance Value Index.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/hacq-2025-0024 | Journal eISSN: 1854-9829 | Journal ISSN: 1581-4661

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Language: English, Slovenian

Page range: 25 - 45

Submitted on: Mar 1, 2025

Accepted on: Aug 20, 2025

Published on: Jun 3, 2026

Published by: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Sacred Groves,

semiarid,

Important Value Index (IVI),

phytodiversity,

soil nutrients,

vegetation composition

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Life sciences, other

© 2026 Aman Mahla, Himanshi Dhiman, Harikesh Saharan, Anita Rani Sehrawat, published by Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 25 (2026): Issue 1 (June 2026)

Phytosociological patterns along a soil nutrient gradient in sacred groves of Haryana

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