Figure 1
A proposed device with an integrated feedback system used by the user while walking.
Table 1
Group characteristics
| Participants | N = 9 |
|---|---|
| Age (year) | 61.8 ± 8.6 |
| Gender male/female | 3/6 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.1 ± 10.2 |
| Cause of stroke infarction/intracerebral hemorrhage | 6/3 |
| Weeks since onset | 5.5 ± 2.2 |
| Side of Hemiplegia right/left | 5/4 |
Figure 2
Block diagram showing the device communication.
Figure 3
Visual feedback for the patient – stride length and symmetry.
Table 2
Step length, walking speed, and step length symmetry index in the study participants at baseline and the final assessment
| Participant | Sl dex 1(cm) | Sl sin 1(cm) | Sl dex 2(cm) | Sl sin 2(cm) | Ws1 | Ws2 | V1 | V2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CR | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 1.21 | 1.05 | 0.69 | 1.1 |
| SM | 0.81 | 0.57 | 0.72 | 0.67 | 1.42 | 1.07 | 0.84 | 1.2 |
| AW | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 1.65 | 1.16 | 0.3 | 0.35 |
| RW | 0.41 | 0.63 | 0.6 | 0.56 | 1.53 | 1.07 | 0.71 | 0.87 |
| BB | 0.49 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 1.49 | 1.19 | 1.07 | 1.02 |
| SA | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.45 | 0.5 | 1.75 | 1.11 | 0.55 | 0.9 |
| MN | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 2 | 1.25 | 0.72 | 0.88 |
| DK | 0.35 | 0.65 | 0.5 | 0.55 | 1.85 | 1.11 | 0.45 | 0.8 |
| ZZ | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.25 | 1 | 0.75 | 1.12 |
Sl – step length, 1 – baseline assessment, 2 – final assessment, dex – right, sin – left, Ws – symmetry index, V – walking speed.
Table 3
Mean step length, mean step length symmetry index, mean walking speed, and statistical test results
| V (m/s) | Sl dex (cm) | Sl sin (cm) | Ws Sl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessment 1 | 0.68 ± 0.12 | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.59 ± 0.1 | 1.57 ± 0.13 |
| Assessment 2 | 0.92 ± 0.17 | 0.52 ± 0.13 | 0.53 ± 0.09 | 1.11 ± 0.15 |
| p - value | p = 0.002 | p = 0.003 | p = 0.004 | p = 0.002 |
V – walking speed, Sl – step length, dex – right, sin – left, Ws symmetry index.
Table 4
Mean distribution of weight placed on lower limbs in a standing position at baseline and in the final assessment and the center of pressure sway area as well as lower limb weight-bearing symmetry index
| W dex (kg) | W sin (kg) | Ws W | F (mm2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assessment 1 | 41 ± 10.1 | 36.89 ± 6.3 | 1.88 ± 0.15 | 541.2 ± 88.2 |
| Assessment 2 | 40.1 ± 8.9 | 38.89 ± 7.8 | 1.21 ± 0.1 | 427.4 ± 78.3 |
| p - value | p = 0.03 | p = 0.004 | p = 0.0001 | p = 0.04 |
W – weight-bearing, dex – right, sin – left, Ws – symmetry index, F – sway.