Table 1
Characteristics of the study participants; FTP/BW for professional and nonprofessional participants, and ride frequency for nonprofessional participants
| 25% quartile | Median | 75% quartile | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Professional: FTP/BW (W/kg) | 4.88 | ∼ | 5.07 | ∼ | 5.22 |
| Non-Professional: FTP/BW (W/kg) | 2.75 | ∼ | 3.57 | ∼ | 4.15 |
| Non-Professional: Ride frequency (rides/week) | 2.03 | ∼ | 3.29 | ∼ | 5.52 |
Figure 1
Overview of the analysis.
Figure 2
Slope calculation. (a) Example of instantaneous pedal force variation across crank angles with increasing mean pedal force. (b) Linear relationship between instantaneous and mean pedal forces at each crank angle (selected angles).
Figure 3
Pedal load of extracted data (W).
Figure 4
Root mean square error of linear regression by crank angle.
Table 2
Results of principal component analysis
| Eigen value | Cumulative contribution rate | Standard deviation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PC1 | 3.965 | 41.24 | 1.9913 |
| PC2 | 2.247 | 64.61 | 1.4990 |
| PC3 | 1.224 | 77.31 | 1.1051 |
| PC4 | 0.584 | 83.39 | 0.7644 |
Figure 5
Baseline and principal component waveforms; baseline waveform (left axis) and PC1 and PC2 waveforms (right axis). (a) Tangential component. (b) Radial component.
Figure 6
Changes in pedal force vector waveforms by principal component values; effects of PC1 (horizontal axis) and PC2 (vertical axis) at mean loads of 100, 200, and 300 W. (a) Tangential force. (b) Radial force.
Figure 7
Changes in pedal force vector waveforms by principal component values; vector representation at 30° intervals under a mean load of 200 W.
Figure 8
Scatterplot of principal components 1 and 2; professional participants (○) and nonprofessional participants (●), with × indicating the five pedaling types.
Table 3
Results of statistical tests for differences in principal component values (* p < 0.001)
| Professional participants | Nonprofessional participants | Median | Variability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25% quartile | Median | 75% quartile | 25% quartile | Median | 75% quartile | p | p | |
| PC1 | 0.76 | 1.30 | 2.31 | −1.59 | −0.27 | 1.29 | <0.0001* | 0.0007* |
| PC2 | −0.59 | −0.26 | 0.35 | −1.13 | −0.32 | 1.16 | 0.4238 | <0.0001* |