New index for evaluating pedaling techniques using the pedaling efficiency index with gradually increasing load
By: Tomoki Kitawaki and Masahiro Fukuda
References
- B
ieuzen F., Lepers R., Vercruyssen F., Hausswirth C., Brisswalter J., Muscle activation during cycling at different cadences effect of maximal strength capacity, J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., 2007, 17 (6), 731–738, https://doi/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.07.007. - Bikefitting.com B.V., https://bikefitting.com/en/ [Accessed: 8 Nov. 2024].
- B
ini R.R., Hume P.A., Croft J., Kilding A.E., Pedal force effectiveness in Cycling: a review of constraints and training effects, J. Sc. Cycling, 2013, 2 (1), 11–24. - C
ámara J., Maldonado -Martín S., Artetxe -Gezuraga X., Vanicek N.I., Infuence of pedaling technique on metabolic efficiency in elite cyclists, Biol. Sport, 2012, 29 (3), 229–233, https://doi/10.5604/20831862.1003448 - C
hapman A.R., Vicenzino B., Blanch P., Hodges P.W., Patterns of leg muscle recruitment vary between novice and highly trained cyclists, J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., 2008, 18 (3), 359–371, https://doi/10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.12.007 - D
orel S., Drouet J.M., Couturier A., Champoux Y., Hug F., Changes of pedaling technique and muscle coordination during an exhaustive exercise, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2009, 41 (6), 1277–1286, https://doi/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819825f8 - G
regersen C.S., Hull M.L., Hakansson N.A., How changing the inversion/eversion foot angle affects the nondriving intersegmental knee moments and the relative activation of the vastii muscles in cycling, J. Biomech. Eng., 2006, 128 (3), 391–398, https://doi/10.1115/1.2193543 - K
itawaki T., Tokuyasu T., Oka H., Efficiency index of a pedaling monitor system depend on load power, cadence and body weight, J. Sci. Cycling, 2014, 3 (2), 25. - K
itawaki T., Fukuda M., Relationship between effective driving force and total pedaling force during bicycle pedaling varying with increasing load, Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 2023, 48, S146, https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2023-0378 - K
orff T., Romer L.M., Mayhew I., Martin J.C., Effect of pedaling technique on mechanical effectiveness and efficiency in cyclists, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2007, 39 (6), 991–995, https://doi/10.1249/mss.0b013e318043a235 - K
orff T., Fletcher G., Brown D., Romer L.M., Effect of “Pose” cycling on efficiency and pedaling mechanics, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2011, 111 (6), 1177–1186, https://doi/10.1007/s00421-010-1745-7 - L
eirdal S., Ettema G., Pedaling technique and energy cost in cycling, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2011, 43 (4), 701–705, https://doi/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f6b7ea - L
ucia A., San Juan A.F., Montilla M., Ca Nete S., Santalla A., Earnest C., Pérez M., In professional road cyclists, low pedaling cadences are less efficient, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2004, 36 (6), 1048–1054, https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000128249.10305.8a - M
ornieux G., Zameziati K., Mutter E., Bonnefoy R., Belli A., A cycle ergometer mounted on a standard force platform for three-dimensional pedal forces measurement during cycling, J. Biomech., 2006, 39 (7), 1296–1303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.03.020 - M
ornieux G., Stapelfeldt B., Gollhofer A., Belli A., Effects of pedal type and pull-up action during cycling, Int. J. Sports Med., 2008, 29 (10), 817–822, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1038374 - M
oseley L., Achten J., Martin J.C., Jeukendrup A.E., No differences in cycling efficiency between world-class and recreational cyclists, Int. J. Sports Med., 2004, 25 (5), 374–379, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-815848 - Pioneer: pedaling monitor system, https://www.pioneer.com.au/product-category/cycle-sports/power-meters/ [Accessed 8 Nov. 2024].
- Shimano: Power Meter Technology, https://bike.shimano.com/technologies/details/power-meter-technology.html [Accessed: 8 Nov. 2024].
- S
tapelfeldt B., Mornieux G., Oberheim R., Belli A., Gollhofer A., Development and evaluation of a new bicycle instrument for measurements of pedal forces and power output in cycling, Int. J. Sports Med., 2007, 28 (4), 326–332, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924352 - T
rumbower R.D., Faghri P.D., Improving pedal power during semireclined leg cycling, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., 2004, 23 (2), 62–71, https://doi.org/10.1109/memb.2004.1310977 - Z
ameziati K., Mornieux G., Rouffet D., Belli A., Relationship between the increase of effectiveness indexes and the increase of muscular efficiency with cycling power, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2006, 96 (3), 274–281, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0077-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37190/abb-02546-2024-02 | Journal eISSN: 2450-6303 | Journal ISSN: 1509-409X
Language: English
Page range: 145 - 153
Submitted on: Nov 6, 2024
Accepted on: Jan 8, 2025
Published on: Mar 18, 2025
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2025 Tomoki Kitawaki, Masahiro Fukuda, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.