Artificial Intelligence in Brazilian Courts: Historical Evidence, a Proposed Framework and Effectiveness Index
References
- Abric, Jean Claude. 1993. “Central System, Peripheral System: Their Functions and Roles in the Dynamics of Social Representations.” Papers on Social Representations. 2 (2), 75–78.
https://psr.iscte-iul.pt/index.php/PSR/article/view/126 . - Agrawal, Ajay, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb. 2019. “Economic Policy for Artificial Intelligence.” Innovation Policy and the Economy 19 (1): 139–59. DOI: 10.1086/699935
- Amariles, David Restrepo, and Pablo Marcello Baquero. 2023. “Promises and Limits of Law for a Human-Centric Artificial Intelligence.” Computer Law & Security Review 48 (April):
105795 . DOI: 10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105795 - Araujo, Theo, Natali Helberger, Sanne Kruikemeier, and Claes H. Vreese. 2020. “In AI We Trust? Perceptions about Automated Decision-Making by Artificial Intelligence.” AI & Society 35 (3): 611–23. DOI: 10.1007/s00146-019-00931-w
- Atkinson, Katie, Trevor Bench-Capon, and Danushka Bollegala. 2020. “Explanation in AI and Law: Past, Present and Future.” Artificial Intelligence 289 (December):
103387 . DOI: 10.1016/j.artint.2020.103387 - Balasubramanian, Girish, Ram Kumar Kakani, and Mohd Shadab Danish. 2024. “To Innovate or Not—Exploring Individual Antecedents of Innovative Thinking among Indian Bureaucrats.” Public Administration and Development 44 (1): 3–16. DOI: 10.1002/pad.2032
- Bardin, Laurence. 2018. Content Analysis. São Paulo: Edições 70.
- Barysė, Dovilė, and Roee Sarel. 2024. “Algorithms in the Court: Does It Matter Which Part of the Judicial Decision-Making Is Automated?” Artificial Intelligence and Law 32 (1): 117–46. DOI: 10.1007/s10506-022-09343-6
- Bekkers, Victor, and Lars Tummers. 2018. “Innovation in the Public Sector: Towards an Open and Collaborative Approach.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 84 (2): 209–13. DOI: 10.1177/0020852318761797
- Bochenek, Antônio César, and Luciana Ortiz Tavares Costa Zanoni. 2021. “Rede de Inovação do Poder Judiciário Brasileiro: Histórico dos Laboratórios de Inovação na Justiça Federal e a Relação com os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável.” Humanidades & Inovação 8 (47): 23–32.
https://revista.unitins.br/index.php/humanidadeseinovacao/article/view/5699 . - Brennan-Marquez, Kiel, and Stephen E. Henderson. 2018. “Artificial Intelligence and Role-Reversible Judgment.” SSRN Electronic Journal 109 (2): 137–64. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3224549
- Bresnahan, T. F., E. Brynjolfsson, and L. M. Hitt. 2002. “Information Technology, Workplace Organization, and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117 (1): 339–76. DOI: 10.1162/003355302753399526
- Brożek, Bartosz, and Marek Jakubiec. 2017. “On the Legal Responsibility of Autonomous Machines.” Artificial Intelligence and Law 25 (3): 293–304. DOI: 10.1007/s10506-017-9207-8
- Brożek, Bartosz, Michał Furman, Marek Jakubiec, and Bartłomiej Kucharzyk. 2023. “The Black Box Problem Revisited. Real and Imaginary Challenges for Automated Legal Decision Making.” Artificial Intelligence and Law, April. DOI: 10.1007/s10506-023-09356-9
- Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Tom Mitchell. 2017. “What Can Machine Learning Do? Workforce Implications.” Science 358 (6370): 1530–34. DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8062
- Camargo, Brígido V., and Ana M. Justo. 2013. “IRaMuTeQ: Um Software Gratuito para Análise de Dados Textuais.” Temas Em Psicologia 21 (2): 513–18. DOI: 10.9788/TP2013.2-16
- Carmona, Matthew, and Louie Sieh. 2004. Measuring Quality in Planning. Londres: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203563311
- Carneiro, D. K. O., A. Isidro Filho, and J. I. Criado. 2023. “Public Sector Innovation Ecosystems: A Proposition for Theoretical-Conceptual Integration.” International Journal of Public Administration, May, 1–14. DOI: 10.1080/01900692.2023.2213853
- Chanda, Jewel. 2018. “A Scientific Judicial Perspective Can Solve Many Hurdles of Practical Application of AI Expert System for Judicial Decision Making.” Nirma ULJ 8:
55 .https://ssrn.com/abstract=3451698 . - Checkland, Peter, and John Poulter. 2010. Systems Approaches to Managing Change: A Practical Guide. Edited by Martin Reynolds and Sue Holwell. London: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84882-809-4
- Chiao, Vincent. 2019. “Fairness, Accountability and Transparency: Notes on Algorithmic Decision-Making in Criminal Justice.” International Journal of Law in Context 15 (2): 126–39. DOI: 10.1017/S1744552319000077
- Coglianese, Cary, and David Lehr. 2019. “Transparency and Algorithmic Governance.” Administrative Law Review 71 (1).
https://administrativelawreview.org/volume-71-issue-1/ . - Conrad, Jack G., and John Zeleznikow. 2015. “The Role of Evaluation in AI and Law.” In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, 181–86. New York:
ACM . DOI: 10.1145/2746090.2746116 - Criado, J. Ignacio, Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan, David Valle-Cruz, and Edgar A. Ruvalcaba-Gómez. 2020. “Chief Information Officers’ Perceptions about Artificial Intelligence.” First Monday, 21 (1). DOI: 10.5210/fm.v26i1.10648
- Deeks, Ashley. 2019. “The Judicial Demand for Explainable Artificial Intelligence.” Columbia Law Review 119 (7): 1829–50.
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3440723 . - DeJonckheere, Melissa, and Lisa M. Vaughn. 2019. “Semistructured Interviewing in Primary Care Research: A Balance of Relationship and Rigour.” Family Medicine and Community Health 7 (2):
e000057 . DOI: 10.1136/fmch-2018-000057 - Drakokhrust, Tetiana, and Nataliia Martsenko. 2022. “Artificial Intelligence in the Modern Judicial System.” Journal of Modern Educational Research 1 (5): 1–7. DOI: 10.53964/jmer.2022005
- Dwivedi, Yogesh K., Laurie Hughes, Elvira Ismagilova, Gert Aarts, Crispin Coombs, Tom Crick, Yanqing Duan, et al. 2021. “Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Emerging Challenges, Opportunities, and Agenda for Research, Practice and Policy.” International Journal of Information Management 57 (April):
101994 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002 - Felzmann, Heike, Eduard Fosch Villaronga, Christoph Lutz, and Aurelia Tamò-Larrieux. 2019. “Transparency You Can Trust: Transparency Requirements for Artificial Intelligence between Legal Norms and Contextual Concerns.” Big Data & Society 6 (1):
205395171986054 . DOI: 10.1177/2053951719860542 - FGV. 2021. “Artificial Intelligence: Technology Applied to Conflict Resolution in the Brazilian Judiciary.” Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Getúlio Vargas.
https://ciapj.fgv.br/sites/ciapj.fgv.br/files/report_ai_ciapj.pdf . - Finck, Michèle. 2020.
“Automated Decision-Making and Administrative Law.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Administrative Law, edited by Peter Cane, Herwig C. H. Hofmann, Eric C. Ip, and Peter L. Lindseth, 655–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198799986.013.39 - Fine, A., E. R. Berthelot, and S. Marsh. 2025. “Public perceptions of judges’ use of AI tools in courtroom decision-making: an examination of legitimacy, fairness, trust, and procedural justice.” Behavioral Sciences 15 (4):
476 . DOI: 10.3390/bs15040476 - Forradellas, Ricardo Francisco Reier, and Luis Miguel Garay Gallastegui. 2021. “Digital Transformation and Artificial Intelligence Applied to Business: Legal Regulations, Economic Impact and Perspective.” Laws 10 (3):
70 . DOI: 10.3390/laws10030070 - Gault, Fred, Anthony Arundel, and Erika Kraemer-Mbula, eds. 2023. Handbook of Innovation Indicators and Measurement. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: 10.4337/9781800883024
- Giulio, Marco Di, and Giancarlo Vecchi. 2023. “Implementing Digitalization in the Public Sector. Technologies, Agency, and Governance.” Public Policy and Administration 38 (2): 133–58. DOI: 10.1177/09520767211023283
- Gong, Taeshik, and JungKun Park. 2023. “Effects of Augmented Reality Technology Characteristics on Customer Citizenship Behavior.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 75 (November):
103443 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103443 - Günther, Mario, and Atoosa Kasirzadeh. 2022. “Algorithmic and Human Decision Making: For a Double Standard of Transparency.” AI & Society 37 (1): 375–81. DOI: 10.1007/s00146-021-01200-5
- Haenlein, Michael, and Andreas Kaplan. 2019. “A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: On the Past, Present, and Future of Artificial Intelligence.” California Management Review 61 (4): 5–14. DOI: 10.1177/0008125619864925
- Hayashi, Yugo, and Kosuke Wakabayashi. 2017. “Can AI Become Reliable Source to Support Human Decision Making in a Court Scene?” In Companion of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 195–98. New York:
ACM . DOI: 10.1145/3022198.3026338 - Hendriksen, Christian. 2023. “Artificial Intelligence for Supply Chain Management: Disruptive Innovation or Innovative Disruption?” Journal of Supply Chain Management 59 (3): 65–76. DOI: 10.1111/jscm.12304
- Hengstler, Monika, Ellen Enkel, and Selina Duelli. 2016. “Applied Artificial Intelligence and Trust—The Case of Autonomous Vehicles and Medical Assistance Devices.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 105 (April):105–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.014
- Hjelmar, Ulf. 2021. “The Institutionalization of Public Sector Innovation.” Public Management Review 23 (1): 53–69. DOI: 10.1080/14719037.2019.1665702
- Hollebeek, Linda D., and Tor W. Andreassen. 2018. “The S-D Logic-Informed ‘Hamburger’ Model of Service Innovation and Its Implications for Engagement and Value.” Journal of Services Marketing 32 (1): 1–7. DOI: 10.1108/JSM-11-2017-0389
- Holzinger, Andreas, Georg Langs, Helmut Denk, Kurt Zatloukal, and Heimo Müller. 2019. “Causability and Explainability of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.” WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 9 (4):
e1312 . DOI: 10.1002/widm.1312 - Hossain, Farhad, Anthony Sumnaya Kumasey, Christopher J. Rees, and Aminu Mamman. 2020. “Public Service Ethics, Values and Spirituality in Developing and Transitional Countries: Challenges and Opportunities.” Public Administration and Development 40 (3): 147–55. DOI: 10.1002/pad.1890
- Houtgraaf, Glenn. 2023. “Public Sector Creativity: Triggers, Practices and Ideas for Public Sector Innovations. A Longitudinal Digital Diary Study.” Public Management Review 25 (8): 1610–31. DOI: 10.1080/14719037.2022.2037015
- Ingrams, Alex, Wesley Kaufmann, and Daan Jacobs. 2022. “In AI We Trust? Citizen Perceptions of AI in Government Decision Making.” Policy & Internet 14 (2): 390–409. DOI: 10.1002/poi3.276
- Kattel, Rainer, Aleksandrs Cepilovs, Veiko Lember, and Piret Tõnurist. 2018. “Indicators for Public Sector Innovations: Theoretical Frameworks and Practical Applications.” Administrative Culture 19 (1): 77–104. DOI: 10.32994/ac.v19i1.208
- Kattel, Rainer, Aleksandrs Cepilovs, Wolfgang Drechsler, Tarmo Kalvet, Veiko Lember, and Piret Tõnurist. 2013. “Can We Measure Public Sector Innovation? A Literature Review.” Political Science, Economics 6 (2).
- Kim, Jinhwan, Terrence Tianshuo Shi, and Rodrigo S. Verdi. 2023. “The Innovation Consequences of Judicial Efficiency.” SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4520053
- Kolkman, D., F. Bex, N. Narayan, and van der Put, M. 2024. “Justitia ex machina: the impact of an AI system on legal decision-making and discretionary authority.” Big Data & Society 11 (2). DOI: 10.1177/20539517241255101
- Krištofík, A. 2025. “Bias in AI (supported) decision making: old problems, new technologies.” International Journal for Court Administration 16 (1). DOI: 10.36745/ijca.598
- Langbroek, P M. 2019. “Why Judges Should Be in Control: IT’s and Artificial Intelligence May Improve Courts Services but Are No Panacea for Backlogs and Speeding up Proceedings.” IJCA – International Journal of Court Administration 5:22–25.
- Laptev, Vasiliy Andreevich, and Daria Rinatovna Feyzrakhmanova. 2021. “Digitalization of Institutions of Corporate Law: Current Trends and Future Prospects.” Laws 10 (4):
93 . DOI: 10.3390/laws10040093 - Maqdliyan, Rohana, and Doddy Setiawan. 2023. “Antecedents and Consequences of Public Sector Organizational Innovation.” Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 9 (2):
100042 . DOI: 10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100042 - Martinho, Andreia. 2024. “Surveying Judges about Artificial Intelligence: Profession, Judicial Adjudication, and Legal Principles.” AI & Society, February. DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01869-4
- Medaglia, Rony, J. Ramon Gil-Garcia, and Theresa A. Pardo. 2023. “Artificial Intelligence in Government: Taking Stock and Moving Forward.” Social Science Computer Review 41 (1): 123–40. DOI: 10.1177/08944393211034087
- Mosqueira-Rey, Eduardo, Elena Hernández-Pereira, David Alonso-Ríos, José Bobes-Bascarán, and Ángel Fernández-Leal. 2023. “Human-in-the-Loop Machine Learning: A State of the Art.” Artificial Intelligence Review 56 (4): 3005–54. DOI: 10.1007/s10462-022-10246-w
- NCJI. 2025. “Artificial intelligence and the courts.”
https://ncji.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/2024-NCJI-Report-5.6.25_WEB.pdf - Pi, Yulu. 2021. “Machine Learning in Governments: Benefits, Challenges and Future Directions.” JeDEM – EJournal of EDemocracy and Open Government 13 (1): 203–19. DOI: 10.29379/jedem.v13i1.625
- Pollitt, Christopher. 2011.
“Innovation in the Public Sector: An Introductory Overview.” In Innovation in the Public Sector, 35–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. DOI: 10.1057/9780230307520_2 - Procopiuck, Mario. 2018. “Information Technology and Time of Judgment in Specialized Courts: What Is the Impact of Changing from Physical to Electronic Processing?” Government Information Quarterly 35 (3): 491–501. DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2018.03.005
- Re, Richard M., and Alicia Solow-Niederman. 2019. “Developing Artificially Intelligent Justice.” Stanford Technology Law Review 22 (2): 242–89.
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3390854 . - Reiling, A. D. 2020. “Courts and Artificial Intelligence.” International Journal for Court Administration 11 (2). DOI: 10.36745/ijca.343
- Resck, L., F. Moreno-Vera, T. Veiga, G. Paucar, E. Fajreldines, G. Klafke, L. G. Nonato, and Poco, J. 2025. “LegalAnalytics: bridging visual explanations and workload streamline in Brazilian Supreme Court appeals.” Artificial Intelligence and Law. DOI: 10.1007/s10506-025-09446-w
- Russell, Stuart J., and Peter Norvig. 2021. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 4th ed. Berkeley: Pearson.
- Samaratunge, Ramanie, and Quamrul Alam. 2021. “Accountability and Transparency in Emerging Countries: Governance, Democratic Currents and Change.” Public Administration and Development 41 (4): 147–56. DOI: 10.1002/pad.1963
- Shrestha, Yash Raj, Shiko M. Ben-Menahem, and Georg von Krogh. 2019. “Organizational Decision-Making Structures in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.” California Management Review 61 (4): 66–83. DOI: 10.1177/0008125619862257
- Silva, Ricardo Augusto Ferreira, Antônio Isidro-Filho Silva, Marcos Moraes Sousa, and Thiago Maia Sayao Moraes. 2021. “Artificial Intelligence and Legal Careers in Brazil: A Review and Proposed Research Agenda.” Revista Humanidades e Inovação 8 (48): 187–203.
https://revista.unitins.br/index.php/humanidadeseinovacao/article/view/5568 . - Soares, Samira Silva Santos, Carolina Cabral Pereira Costa, Eloá Carneiro Carvalho, Ana Beatriz Azevedo Queiroz, Patrícia Lima Pereira Peres, and Norma Valéria Dantas Oliveira Souza. 2022. “Teaching IRaMuTeQ for Use in Qualitative Research According to YouTube Videos: An Exploratory-Descriptive Study.” Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP
56 . DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2021-0396 - Sobrino-García, Itziar. 2021. “Artificial Intelligence Risks and Challenges in the Spanish Public Administration: An Exploratory Analysis through Expert Judgements.” Administrative Sciences 11 (3):
102 . DOI: 10.3390/admsci11030102 - Solovey, E., B. Flanagan, and D. Chen. 2025. “Interacting with AI at work: perceptions and opportunities from the UK judiciary.” Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work, 1–8. DOI: 10.1145/3729176.3729192
- Sourdin, Tania. 2018. “Judge v Robot? Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Decision-Making.” University of New South Wales Law Journal 41 (4):
1114 . DOI: 10.53637/ZGUX2213 - Sousa, Weslei Gomes, Elis Regina Pereira Melo, Paulo Henrique Souza Bermejo, Rafael Araújo Sousa Farias, and Adalmir Oliveira Gomes. 2019. “How and Where Is Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector Going? A Literature Review and Research Agenda.” Government Information Quarterly 36 (4):
101392 . DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2019.07.004 - Souza, Marli Aparecida Rocha, Marilene Loewen Wall, Andrea Cristina Morais Chaves Thuler, Ingrid Margareth Voth Lowen, and Aida Maris Peres. 2018. “The Use of IRaMuTeQ Software for Data Analysis in Qualitative Research.” Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP
52 . DOI: 10.1590/s1980-220x2017015003353 - Souza Neto, Rômulo Andrade, Gabriela Figueiredo Dias, Hironobu Sano, and Rochelle Barbosa Andrade Sousa Medeiros. 2019. “Antecedents of Innovation in the Brazilian Public Sector: A Study in a Nucleus of Technological Innovation.” Cadernos Gestão Pública e Cidadania 24 (79). DOI: 10.12660/cgpc.v24n79.75637
- Sun, Tara Qian, and Rony Medaglia. 2019. “Mapping the Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector: Evidence from Public Healthcare.” Government Information Quarterly 36 (2): 368–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2018.09.008
- Vaio, Assunta Di, Rohail Hassan, and Claude Alavoine. 2022. “Data Intelligence and Analytics: A Bibliometric Analysis of Human–Artificial Intelligence in Public Sector Decision-Making Effectiveness.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 174 (January):
121201 . DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121201 - Valle-Cruz, David, Edgar Alejandro Ruvalcaba-Gomez, Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan, and J. Ignacio Criado. 2019. “A Review of Artificial Intelligence in Government and Its Potential from a Public Policy Perspective.” In Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, 91–99. New York, NY, USA:
ACM . DOI: 10.1145/3325112.3325242 - Walmsley, Joel. 2021. “Artificial Intelligence and the Value of Transparency.” AI & Society 36 (2): 585–95. DOI: 10.1007/s00146-020-01066-z
- Wirtz, Bernd W., Jan C. Weyerer, and Carolin Geyer. 2019. “Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector—Applications and Challenges.” International Journal of Public Administration 42 (7): 596–615. DOI: 10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103
- Wright, James Terence Coulter, Antonio Thiago Benedete Silva, and Renata Giovinazzo Spers. 2010. “O Mercado de Trabalho no Futuro: Uma Discussão Sobre Profissões Inovadoras, Empreendedorismo e Tendências para 2020.” Review of Administration and Innovation 7 (3): 174–97. DOI: 10.5585/RAI.2010505
- Yeung, L. L., and P. F. Azevedo. 2011. “Measuring Efficiency of Brazilian Courts with Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).” IMA Journal of Management Mathematics 22 (4): 343–56. DOI: 10.1093/imaman/dpr002
- Zafarullah, Habib, and Noore Alam Siddiquee. 2021. “Open Government and the Right to Information: Implications for Transparency and Accountability in Asia.” Public Administration and Development 41 (4): 157–68. DOI: 10.1002/pad.1944
- Zeleznikow, John. 2002. “Using Web-Based Legal Decision Support Systems to Improve Access to Justice.” Information & Communications Technology Law 11 (1): 15–33. DOI: 10.1080/13600830220133530
- Zuiderwijk, Anneke, Yu-Che Chen, and Fadi Salem. 2021. “Implications of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Public Governance: A Systematic Literature Review and a Research Agenda.” Government Information Quarterly 38 (3):
101577 . DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2021.101577
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.647 | Journal eISSN: 2156-7964
Language: English
Page range: 2 - 2
Published on: Feb 5, 2026
Published by: International Association for Court Administration
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
© 2026 Ricardo Augusto Ferreira e Silva, Marcos de Moraes Sousa, Woska Pires da Costa, Antonio Isidro-Filho, published by International Association for Court Administration
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.