Average daily intake of key nutrients by pregnant women at different gestational ages (M ± SD)_
| Nutrient/Period | 12th week | 24th week | 36th week |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calories (kcal) | 1985 ± 312 | 2137 ± 330 | 2215 ± 358 |
| Protein (g) | 78.2 ± 11.4 | 80.9 ± 12.1 | 81.7 ± 13.5 |
| Fats (g) | 76.5 ± 10.2 | 80.3 ± 11.8 | 84.1 ± 12.9 |
| PUFA (g) | 10.4 ± 2.1 | 12.7 ± 2.4 | 14.2 ± 2.7 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 81.3 ± 19.2 | 93.8 ± 21.6 | 97.6 ± 22.1 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 10.1 ± 2.5 | 11.7 ± 2.8 | 12.3 ± 3.0 |
| Probiotics (servings/day) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.6 |
| Nuts (servings/week) | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.1 |
| Cow’s milk (ml/day) | 218 ± 75 | 184 ± 68 | 160 ± 62 |
Mean methylation levels of promoter regions of immune genes in cord blood mononuclear cells (n = 172, M ± SD) and their correlation with nutrients_
| Gene | Methylation Level (%) (M ± SD) | Correlation with PUFAs (r/p) | Correlation with Probiotics (r/p) | Correlation with Antioxidants (r/p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FOXP3 | 18.4 ± 5.2 | –0.34/0.008 | –0.12/0.146 | –0.18/0.062 |
| IL-10 | 12.7 ± 4.6 | –0.09/0.193 | –0.27/0.030 | –0.15/0.081 |
| TGFβ1 | 9.3 ± 3.1 | –0.14/0.097 | –0.10/0.176 | –0.26/0.018 |
Concentrations of immune markers in cord blood of newborns (n=172, M ± SD)_
| Indicator | Concentration (pg/ml) or IU/ml |
|---|---|
| IL-4 | 5.82 ± 2.14 |
| IL-5 | 3.47 ± 1.78 |
| IL-10 | 9.21 ± 3.15 |
| IFN-γ | 12.36 ± 4.27 |
| TNF-α | 8.75 ± 2.63 |
| Total IgE (IU/ml) | 1.62 ± 0.89 |
Frequency of sensitisation and clinical manifestations of allergy in children at 6 and 12 months of age (n = 172)_
| Indicator | 6 months (%) | 12 months (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Positive prick test ≥ 1 allergen | 11.0 | 17.4 |
| Elevated specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kA/L) | 9.9 | 16.3 |
| Sensitisation to cow’s milk protein | 6.4 | 9.3 |
| Sensitisation to dust mites | 3.5 | 7.0 |
| Sensitisation to birch pollen | 1.7 | 4.1 |
| Sensitisation to house dust | 4.7 | 8.1 |
| Atopic dermatitis (according to ISAAC) | 7.6 | 11.6 |
| Respiratory symptoms of allergy (wheezing, rhinitis) | 5.2 | 9.8 |
| General allergic predisposition* | 13.4 | 21.5 |