| 1. |
Cheng, CY et al.31 Taiwan, 2014 Cohort
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12 pregnant women ≥ 17 years, without pregnancy complications, over 36 weeks of gestation, and who understood English (34 participants were not complete in the study). Maternal stress was assessed using PSS, and Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed using CES-D.
| Levels of prenatal cytokines (IL-1, IL-5, IL-7, MPI-1α, GM-CSF, MCP, MIB) were not statistically different when participants were grouped as either low-high stress, yes-no fatigue, or yes-no depression. |
| 2. |
Brann, Emma, et al.32 Sweden, 2018 Case-control
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A total of 169 women ≥18 years of age with gestational age 17 to 32 weeks, do not have confidential personal information, speak Swedish, and are scheduled for a routine pregnancy ultrasound at Uppsala University Hospital. Depressive symptoms were assessed using EPDS. Mean age was 30.5 + 4.9 years
| Five cytokines were significantly elevated in women with postpartum depressive symptoms; TRANCE, HGF, IL-18, FGF-23, and CXCL1. |
| 3. |
Groer, Maureen et al.33 United States, 2014 Cohort
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72 healthy pregnant women with gestational age 15 to 25 weeks were followed for six postpartum months with immune and hormone measures, dysphoric moods, and stress scales. Mood and stress were measured with POMS and PSS.
| No significant relationships were found between inflammatory cytokines (hs-CRP, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6) and psychosocial measures. |
| 4. |
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38 healthy postpartum women were recruited within 24 hr (Day 0) of giving birth to a singleton infant via vaginal delivery. Inclusion criteria were that births were without complications, including maternal haemorrhage, transfusion, or surgery, and that both mothers and infants left the hospital within 72 hr. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed using the CES-D on day 28 postpartum. Mean age was 27.7 + 4.8 years
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Women with depressive symptoms on Day 28 had elevated levels of IL-1β 2 weeks previously (on Day 14) compared to women without symptoms of depression on Day 28. There were no differences in IL-6 levels at any time based on the level of depressive symptoms on Day 28.
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| 5. |
Sha, Qiong, et al.35 United States, 2022 Cohort
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114 pregnant women were enrolled in their first trimester, returning each trimester and in the postpartum period for psychiatric assessments and blood sampling. The inclusion criteria for enrollment were pregnant women aged 18 years or older. Exclusion criteria were: nonpregnant women and patients with psychotic symptoms and/or severe cognitive impairment. Depressive symptoms were assessed using EPDS. Mean age was 25 + 5.9 years
|
IL-1β, IL-6, and QUIN were significantly associated with depression severity and/or higher odds of having an EPDS ≥ 13. IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, TNF, TRY, SERO, KYN, KYNA, PICO, rKT, rQK, and rQP were not significantly associated with depressive symptoms.
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| 6. |
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33 healthy pregnant women (18 to 45 years) in the third trimester of pregnancy (≥ 26 weeks gestation), free of major medical comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, or other inflammatory conditions), and nonsmokers. Depressive symptoms were assessed using EPDS. Mean age was 30.7 + 4 years
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IL-6 and IL-10 emerged as significant predictors of postpartum EPDS scores. Regression coefficients were negative, indicating that a lower level of both cytokines during the third trimester of pregnancy was predictive of a higher postpartum EPDS score. No relationship was observed between postpartum EPDS score and TNF-α or CRP.
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| 7. |
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A total of 119 women who gave birth at the First Faculty and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Medical University of Warsaw in the period 2013–2016 were included in the study. The exclusion criteria were age under 18 years and unstable physical condition. Depressive symptoms were assessed using EPDS and HDRS. Mean age was 31 + 3.95 years
| The difference between IL-6 and IL-10 levels in women with and without depression was not statistically significant. |
| 8. |
Miller, Emily, et al.38 United States, 2019 Cohort
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35 postpartum women with depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the HDRS. Mean age was 27.1 + 5.4 years
| CRP levels were not significantly associated with HDRS score even after controlling for maternal BMI and total night sleep. |
| 9. |
Liu, Hao, et al.39 China, 2016 Cohort
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296 pregnant women who were hospitalised within 48 hours after the delivery of a singleton, full-term (≥37 weeks of gestation) live-born infant. Exclusion criteria are women with intrauterine demise or with infants immediately admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, and (4) women with depression during or pre-pregnancy depression (according to their medical records or self-report). Depressive symptoms were assessed using EPDS. Mean age was 30.5 + 2.2 years
| The serum levels of Hs-CRP and IL-6 after delivery in women with depression were significantly higher than in women without depression. |
