Table 1
Summary of the education session structure based on HBM.
| Sessions | Steps of the HBM | Educational content title |
|---|---|---|
| First | Awareness | Establish interactions between students, information about self-medication use through lectures |
| Second | Perceived sensitivity stage | Expression of individual and social complications caused by self-medication use, change in body function with the help of the group painting method in the form of wallpaper |
| Third | Perceived severity stage | Showing educational videos about the common side effects of self-medication use |
| Fourth | Perceived benefit stage | The benefits of proper medication use and avoidance of arbitrary use by peer group education |
| Fifth | Perceived barriers stage | Group discussion on ways to reduce self-medication use |
| Sixth | Review | Provide a summary of the content of the previous sessions |
Table 2
Distribution of frequency of subjects in terms of occupation, education, and health insurance coverage.
| Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occupation | Housewife | 57 | 91.9 | 55 | 85.9 | 0.284 |
| Employed | 5 | 8.1 | 9 | 14.1 | ||
| Insurance coverage | Yes | 57 | 91.9 | 60 | 93.8 | 0.693 |
| No | 5 | 8.1 | 4 | 6.3 | ||
| Education | Illiterate | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.6 | 0.218 |
| Primary | 6 | 9.7 | 5 | 7.8 | ||
| Middle | 4 | 6.5 | 6 | 9.4 | ||
| Secondary school | 47 | 75.8 | 39 | 60.9 | ||
| College | 5 | 8.1 | 13 | 20.3 |
Table 3
Comparison of the mean scores of awareness and HBM structures with respect to self-medication before and two months after educational intervention in the intervention and control groups.
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Awareness | Intervention | 65 ± 14.1 | 82.5 ± 11.8 | P ˂ 0.001 |
| Control | 68.5 ± 15.1 | 65.1 ± 15.2 | P = 0.056 | |
| P-value* | P = 0.221 | P ˂ 0.001 | - | |
| Perceived susceptibility | Intervention | 63.4 ± 10.76 | 69.92 ± 9.76 | P ˂ 0.001 |
| Control | 63.04 ± 11.96 | 63.4 ± 11.76 | P = 0.858 | |
| P-value* | P = 0.572 | P ˂ 0.001 | - | |
| Perceived severity | Intervention | 70.7 ± 13.55 | 81.35 ± 13.5 | P ˂ 0.001 |
| Control | 74.6 ± 16.45 | 74 ± 17.3 | P = 0.830 | |
| P-value* | P = 0.059 | P = 0.020 | - | |
| Perceived barriers | Intervention | 48.45 ± 11.68 | 37.62 ± 11.4 | P ˂ 0.001 |
| Control | 47.62 ± 12.68 | 49.08 ± 14.51 | P = 0.149 | |
| P-value* | P = 0.790 | P ˂ 0.001 | - | |
| Perceived benefits | Intervention | 82.65 ± 11.15 | 93.85 ± 6.9 | P ˂ 0.001 |
| Control | 85.2 ± 12.85 | 84.6 ± 11.55 | P = 0.298 | |
| P-value* | P = 0.108 | P ˂ 0.001 | - |
Table 4
Frequency distribution of external cues to action with respect to self-medication based on participants’ views before and two months after intervention in both groups.
| Cues to action | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | |
| Physician | 56 | 90.3 | 61 | 98.4 | 58 | 90.6 | 60 | 93.8 |
| Family and peers | 3 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7.8 | 7 | 10.9 |
| Books and pamphlet | 11 | 17.7 | 1 | 1.6 | 7 | 10.9 | 8 | 12.5 |
| Journals | 2 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 10.9 | 8 | 12.5 |
| Radio | 2 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 6.3 | 5 | 7.8 |
| TV | 18 | 29.0 | 3 | 4.8 | 15 | 23.4 | 16 | 25.0 |
| others | 4 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.6 | 3 | 4.7 |
Table 5
Frequency of distribution of internal cues to action with respect to self-medication based on participants’ views before and two months after the intervention in both groups.
| Freque ncy | Percenta ge | Frequen cy | Percenta ge | Frequen cy | Percenta ge | Frequen cy | Percenta ge | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fear of side effects due to Self-medication | 44 | 71.0 | 37 | 59.7 | 47 | 73.4 | 43 | 67.2 |
| Lack of belief in self-medication | 12 | 19.4 | 22 | 35.5 | 8 | 12.5 | 14 | 21.9 |
| Family and peer influences | 6 | 9.7 | 3 | 4.8 | 9 | 14.1 | 7 | 10.9 |