Figure 1
Association between umbilical cord arterial blood pH, lactate dehydrogenase levels and overall neonatal outcome
| Parameter | Neonatal resuscitation | NICU admission | Early neonatal complications | Early neonatal death | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| Cord blood pH | <7.2 | 66(44.6% ) | 82(55.4%) | 100(67.6 %) | 48(32.4% ) | 79(53.4%) | 69(46.6%) | 15(10.1 %) | 133(89.9% ) |
| ≥7.2 | 9(5.9%) | 143(94.1 %) | 15(9.9%) | 137(90.1 %) | 11(7.2%) | 141(92.8 %) | 1(0.7%) | 151(99.3% ) | |
| Chi-square value | 59.82 | 105.61 | 76.02 | 13.34 | |||||
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| Cord blood | <612 | 6(3.2%) | 182(96.8 %) | 14(7.4%) | 174(92.6 %) | 9(4.8%) | 179(95.2 %) | 0(0%) | 188(100%) |
| LDH (U/L) | ≥612 | 69(61.6% ) | 43(38.4%) | 101(90.2 %) | 11(9.8%) | 81(72.3%) | 31(27.7%) | 16(14.3 %) | 96(85.7%) |
| Chi-square value | 127.74 | 203.22 | 152.43 | 28.37 | |||||
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
Participant Characteristics
| Parameter | Number (n) | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| MATERNAL AGE (years) | ||
| 19–20 | 7 | 2.3% |
| 21–30 | 232 | 77.3% |
| 31–40 | 61 | 22.3% |
| GRAVIDITY | ||
| G1 | 62 | 20.7% |
| G2 | 91 | 30.3% |
| G3 | 86 | 28.7% |
| G4 | 38 | 12.7% |
| ≥ G5 | 23 | 7.7% |
| PARITY | ||
| 0 | 92 | 30.7% |
| 1 | 113 | 37.7% |
| 2 | 81 | 27.0% |
| ≥3 | 14 | 4.7% |
| GESTATIONAL AGE (WEEKS) | ||
| >37– ≤39 | 167 | 55.7% |
| >39– ≤41 | 40 | 40% |
| >41– ≤42 | 13 | 4.3% |
| MODE OF DELIVERY | ||
| Normal vaginal delivery | 133 | 44.3% |
| Emergency lower-segment caesarean section | 75 | 25.0% |
| Elective lower-segment caesarean section | 42 | 14.0% |
| Instrumental delivery | 47 | 15.7% |
| Breech-assisted vaginal delivery | 3 | 1.0% |
| NEONATAL GENDER | ||
| Male | 164 | 54.7% |
| Female | 136 | 45.3% |
| NEONATAL BIRTH WEIGHT (KG) | ||
| ≥1.5–≤2.5 | 34 | 11.3% |
| >2.5–≤3.5 | 253 | 84.3% |
| ≥3.5 | 13 | 4.3% |
| NEONATAL OUTCOME | ||
| Survived | 284 | 94.7% |
| Early neonatal death | 16 | 5.3% |
Association between mode of delivery, Apgar scores, cord blood pH and LDH levels
| Parameter | Normal vaginal delivery | Emergency LSCS* | Elective LSCS* | Instrumental delivery | Assisted breech delivery | Total | Chi- square value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-min Apgar score | ||||||||
| <7 | 14(15.2%) | 41(44.6%) | 4(4.3%) | 31(33.7%) | 2(2.2%) | 92(30.7%) | 83.88 | 0.000 |
| >7 | 119(57.2%) | 34(16.3%) | 38(18.3%) | 16(7.7%) | 1(0.5%) | 208(69.3%) | ||
| 5-min Apgar score | ||||||||
| <7 | 0(0%) | 5(62.5%) | 0(0%) | 2(25%) | 1(12.5%) | 8(2.7%) | 20.75 | 0.000 |
| >7 | 133(45.5%) | 70(24.0%) | 42(14.4%) | 45(15.4%) | 2(0.7%) | 292(97.3%) | ||
| Cord arterial blood pH | ||||||||
| <7.2 | 37(25.0%) | 51(34.5%) | 16(10.8%) | 42(28.4%) | 2(1.4%) | 148(49.3%) | 67.69 | 0.000 |
| ≥7.2 | 96(63.2%) | 24(15.8%) | 26(17.1%) | 5(3.3%) | 1(0.7%) | 152(50.7%) | ||
| Cord arterial blood LDH | ||||||||
| <612U/L | 112(59.6%) | 30(16.0%) | 35(18.6%) | 9(4.8%) | 2(1.1%) | 188(62.7%) | 88.59 | 0.000 |
| ≥612U/L | 21(18.8%) | 45(40.2%) | 7(6.3%) | 38(33.9%) | 1(0.9%) | 112(37.3%) | ||