Table 1. Information of study sites
US-Blo38.90−120.631315ENF911.91073Goldstein et al. (2000)US-Dk335.98−79.09163ENF815.01050Stoy et al. (2008)US-Fmf35.14−111.732160ENF59.7521Dore et al. (2008)US-Fuf35.09−111.762180ENF58.9497Dore et al. (2008)US-Ho145.20−68.7460ENF136.7840Richardson et al. (2009)US-Ho245.21−68.7591ENF116.6842Xiao et al. (2005)US-Ho345.21−68.7361ENF56.5877Davidson et al. (2006)US-Me244.45−121.561253ENF97.4441Thomas et al. (2009)US-NC235.80−76.6712ENF515.81212Noormets et al. (2010)US-NR140.03−105.553050ENF102.4663Blanken et al. (2009)US-SP329.75−82.1636ENF1120.11034Powell et al. (2008)DE-Tha50.9613.57380ENF127.6820Prescher et al. (2010)DE-Wet50.4511.46703ENF76.6967Rebmann et al. (2010)ES-ES139.35−0.321ENF517.5495Reichstein et al. (2005)FI-Hyy61.8524.29185ENF114.8702Suni et al. (2003)FI-Sod67.3626.64189ENF71.1425Aurela (2005)FR-Pue43.743.60211ENF813.6904Allard et al. (2008)IT-Cpz41.7112.389ENF815.0729Garbulsky et al. (2008)NL-Loo52.175.7425ENF1010.3843Dolman et al. (2002)RU-Fyo56.4632.92265ENF95.2762Milyukova et al. (2002)SE-Nor60.0917.4828ENF56.4486Lagergren et al. (2005)CN-Qia26.74115.06100ENF718.31139Zhang et al. (2011)US-Bar44.06−71.29272DBF57.41330Jenkins et al. (2007)US-Dk235.97−79.10168DBF715.21097Stoy et al. (2008)US-Ha142.54−72.17340DBF158.51153Urbanski et al. (2007)US-MMS39.32−86.41275DBF512.71186Dragoni et al. (2011)US-MOz38.74−92.20219.4DBF513.01035Yang et al. (2010)US-Slt39.91−74.6030DBF512.41032Hollinger et al. (2010)US-Syv46.24−89.35540DBF54.5696Desai et al. (2005)US-UMB45.56−84.71234DBF67.2412Hardiman et al. (2011)US-WCr45.91−90.08515DBF75.7744Cook et al. (2004)DE-Hai51.0810.45433DBF88.3803Kutsch et al. (2008)FR-Hes48.677.07293DBF1210.4918Granier et al. (2000)IT-Ro142.4111.93153DBF715.5769Rey et al. (2002)CN-Din23.17112.53240EBF620.11481Zhang et al. (2010)BE-Bra51.314.5215MF911.4792Carrara et al. (2003)BE-Vie50.316.00491MF118.3719Aubinet et al. (2001)CH-Lae47.488.37645MF58.3605Eugster et al. (2007)DK-Sor55.4911.6435MF138.7656Pilegaard et al. (2001)CN-Cha42.40128.10738MF63.9498Guan et al. (2006)US-Los46.08−89.98480SHR63.7716Sulman et al. (2009)MX-Lpa24.13−110.4421SHR523.4137Bell et al. (2012)US-Aud31.59−110.511469GRA615.9366Krishnan et al. (2012)US-Bkg44.35−96.84510GRA56.3540Gilmanov et al. (2005)US-Dk135.97−79.09168GRA715.11022Stoy et al. (2008)US-FPe48.31−105.10634GRA85.7391Gilmanov et al. (2005)US-Fwf35.45−111.772270GRA58.4562Dore et al. (2008)US-SRM31.82−110.871116GRA719.0324Scott et al. (2009)US-Ton38.43−120.97177GRA916.9504Ma et al. (2007)US-Var38.41−120.95129GRA915.9493Xu and Baldocchi (2004)US-Wkg31.74−109.941531GRA617.2274Scott et al. (2010)AT-Neu47.1211.321095GRA76.9731Wohlfahrt et al. (2008)DE-Gri50.9513.51385GRA57.8901Prescher et al. (2010)DK-Lva55.6812.0815GRA59.0655Gilmanov et al. (2007)HU-Bug46.6919.60106GRA610.3499Nagy et al. (2007)NL-Ca151.974.931GRA611.0759Gilmanov et al. (2007)CN-Dan29.6791.334333GRA52.47470Xu et al. (2007)CN-Hab37.62101.283220GRA6−0.8484Kato et al. (2006)US-ARM36.61−97.49314CRO715.3658Fischer et al. (2007)US-Bo140.01−88.29219CRO1111.6748Hollinger et al. (2005)US-Ne141.17−96.48361CRO810.7846Suyker et al. (2004)US-Ne241.16−96.47362CRO810.2872Suyker et al. (2004)BE-Lon50.554.74165CRO511.2611Moureaux et al. (2006)DE-Geb51.1010.91157CRO69.9503Anthoni et al. (2004)DE-Kli50.8913.52478CRO67.7951Prescher et al. (2010)
[i] Lat, latitude; Long, longitude; Alt, altitude; Eco, ecosystem type; n, data record length; Ta, mean annual air temperature; PPT, annual precipitation; ENF, evergreen needleleaf forest; DBF, deciduous broadleaf forest; EBF, evergreen broadleaf forest; MF, mixed forest; SHR, shrubland; GRA, grassland; CRO, cropland.
Fig. 1
The direct and indirect effects of climatic variation on the interannual variability (IAV) in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) for evergreen needleleaf forests (a), deciduous broadleaf forests (b), grasslands (c) and croplands (d). Green and red lines represent positive and negative effects, respectively. Solid and dashed lines represent significant (p<0.05) and non-significant (p≥0.05) effects, respectively. The values beside the paths are the standardised (0–1) path coefficients (ρ), which are only shown for significant effects. PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; Ta, air temperature; Ts, soil temperature; VPD, vapour pressure deficit; WBI, water balance index; A m, maximum photosynthetic rate; α, apparent quantum yield; WUE, water use efficiency; R 10, reference respiratory rate at 10 °C; Q 10, temperature sensitivity.
Fig. 2
The direct and indirect effects of climatic variation on in the interannual variability (IAV) in gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) for evergreen needleleaf forests (a), deciduous broadleaf forests (b), grasslands (c) and croplands (d). Green and red lines represent positive and negative effects, respectively. Solid and dashed lines represent significant (p<0.05) and non-significant (p≥0.05) effects, respectively. The values beside the paths are the standardised (0–1) path coefficients (ρ), which are only shown for significant effects. PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; Ta, air temperature; Ts, soil temperature; VPD, vapour pressure deficit; WBI, water balance index; A m, maximum photosynthetic rate; α, apparent quantum yield; WUE, water use efficiency; R 10, reference respiratory rate at 10 °C; Q 10, temperature sensitivity.
Fig. 3
The direct and indirect effects of climatic variation on the interannual variability (IAV) in net ecosystem exchange (NEE, a–c), gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE, d–f) for wet (water balance index, or WBI, below −500 mm; a, d), moist (−500 mm<WBI<0 mm; b, e), and dry (WBI>0 mm; c, f) ecosystems. Note that a larger WBI indicates a drier environment. Green and red lines represent positive and negative effects, respectively. Solid and dashed lines represent significant (p<0.05) and non-significant (p≥0.05) effects, respectively. The values beside the paths are the standardised (0–1) path coefficients (ρ), which are only shown for significant effects. PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; Ta, air temperature; Ts, soil temperature; VPD, vapour pressure deficit; WBI, water balance index; A m, maximum photosynthetic rate; α, apparent quantum yield; WUE, water use efficiency; R 10, reference respiratory rate at 10 °C; Q 10, temperature sensitivity.
Table 2. Correlation coefficients (r) of the physiological parameters in different ecosystem types
ENF0.21*0.100.110.14DBF0.100.110.28*0.07GRA0.29*0.41*0.27*0.07CRO0.020.56*0.100.07Wet0.050.110.020.10Moist0.15*0.29*0.19*0.10Dry0.090.49*0.090.14
[i] ENF, evergreen needleleaf forests; DBF, deciduous broadleaf forests; GRA, grasslands; CRO, croplands; Wet, ecosystems with a water balance index (WBI) below −500 mm; Moist, ecosystems with −500 mm<WBI<0 mm; Dry, ecosystems with WBI>0 mm; A m, maximum photosynthetic rate; α, apparent quantum yield; WUE, water use efficiency; R 10, reference respiratory rate at 10 °C; Q 10, temperature sensitivity.