
Fig. 1
(a) Two-nested WRF/Chem modelling domains and radiation observational stations (red triangle), (b) Locations of the automatic weather sites (blue dots) and air-quality monitoring sites (red dots) in the inner domain. The background shaded contour in (b) represents topography height (m); the labelled cities in (b) represent main administrative districts in the inner domain; the 13 air-quality monitoring sites are labelled as: S1 – Chengzhong, S2 – Shunde, S3 – Huijingcheng, S4 – Donghu, S5 – Zimaling, S6 – Tangjia, S7 – Jinguowan, S8 – Xiabu, S9 – Liyuan, S10 – Luhu, S11 – Wanqingsha, S12 – Tianhu and S13 – Tamen.
Table 1. Experimental designs and input data
Table 2. Performance statistics of simulated meteorological variables in MEGAN06

Fig. 2
Time series comparisons of the simulated O3 concentration (ppb) (red line) in MEGAN06 against observations (black dot) at 13 monitoring sites.

Fig. 3
Time series comparisons of the simulated NO2 concentration (ppb) (red line) in MEGAN06 against observations (black dot) at eight representative sites.

Fig. 4
Inter-annual variations of forest area (×103 km2) in Guangdong based on remote sensing and statistical surveys.
Table 3. Comparisons of isoprene emissions in MEGAN06 with previous studies
[iv] dGloBEIS refers to the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System developed by Guenther et al. (2000);

Fig. 5
Average estimated emission fluxes (mol km−2 h−1) for isoprene, monoterpenes, total BVOCs and soil NO at 11:00–16:00 LST in these four simulations. The total BVOC emission flux is expressed as a sum of isoprene, α-pinene and β-pinene.

Fig. 6
Diurnal variations of solar radiation (W m−2), air temperature (°C) and BVOC emission fluxes (mol km−2 h−1) averaged over the inner domain in MEGAN06, METE12 and MELU90.

Fig. 7
Changes in O3 peak concentrations (ppb) relative to the year 2006 under different wind conditions. The dashed boxes mark the sub-domains with large ΔO3peak.

Fig. 8
Changes of the daytime BVOC emission fluxes (mol km−2 h−1) (red line) and surface O3 concentrations (ppb) (histogram) in the main cities between 2006 and 2012.

Fig. 9
(a–d) Changes of O3 peak concentrations (ppb) during the early 1990s to 2006 under different wind conditions. The dashed boxes mark the sub-domains with large ΔO3peak. (e–h) Diurnal variations of ΔO3 (ppb) (red line) and ΔBVOC (mol km−2 h−1) (black line) at the sub-domains marked in (a–d).
