Assessment of African desert dust episodes over the southwest Spain at sea level using in situ aerosol optical and microphysical properties

Desert dust (DD) aerosols reach the El Arenosillo observatory (southwest Spain) following two characteristic pathways at sea level, each showing significant differences in its aerosol microphysical and optical properties. These differences, in turn, determine the influence on the radiative forcing over the region. For these events, the meteorological scenarios show a depression located over North Africa at ground level. A Mediterranean pathway occurs when: (1) the depression is located over North Africa and the Mediterranean Basin or (2) it is coupled to a high pressure in higher latitudes. A North Africa pathway is observed when the depression is located only over North Africa. In our inventory, there are clear DD episodes under the Mediterranean flow, whereas other specific DD events take place under a mixture of Mediterranean and North African flows. The pure Mediterranean flow is associated with a higher increase of particle volume and scattering coefficient within the sub-micron than the super-micron size ranges. This result indicates that the contribution to the radiative forcing through the scattering processes over the region for particles with D<1 µm is larger than for particles with D>1 µm. In contrast, the episodes with a mixture of Mediterranean and North African flows show a similar effect of sub- and super-micron size ranges on radiative forcing. The size range with the largest impact on the scattering processes is 0.3 µm<D<0.6 µm. Similar temporal variability of in situ and columnar-integrated aerosol properties on episodes with mixed flow suggests that the amounts of aerosols within the super-micron size range at the surface and aloft are correlated. During the episodes with pure Mediterranean flow, the amounts of aerosol vary independently within all size ranges, but the particle size distributions at surface and aloft are similar.