Fig. 1
Maps of means of precipitation amounts from GPCP from October, November and December for 2005 (a), 2006 (b) and difference (2005–2006, c), respectively. Results are shown as monthly means binned on a grid of 2.5°×2.5°.
Fig. 2
Maps of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) values from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis from October to December for 2005 (a), 2006 (b) and difference (2005–2006, c), respectively. Results are shown as monthly means binned on a grid of 2.5°×2.5°.
Fig. 3
Longitudinal distributions of vertical velocity for 2005 (blue solid) and 2006 (red solid), with positive values indicating subsiding air and negative one rising air. The values (unit, Pa/s) are averaged between October and December of each year. The selected latitudes are between 15°S and 15°N. The orange dotted lines represent selected regions for this study.
Fig. 4
The MLS cloud IWC from October to December for 2005 (top), 2006 (middle) and difference between 2005 and 2006 (bottom); IWC is expressed as mg/m3.
Fig. 5
Water vapour amount from October to December for 2005 (top), 2006 (middle) and difference between 2005 and 2006 (bottom). H2O is expressed as mass mixing ratio.
Fig. 6
Water vapour isotope from October to December for 2005 (top), 2006 (middle) and difference between 2005 and 2006 (bottom).
Fig. 7
Probability density distributions for water vapour and its isotope by TES during October to November. (a) and (b) East Indian Ocean (15°S–15°N, 90°–135°E, EIO), and (c) and (d) West Indian Ocean (15°S–15°N, 40°–60°E, WIO). Blue lines represent 2005 and red lines represent 2006.
Fig. 8
Scatter plots of H2O versus δD observed by TES (contour lines envelops 95% of the observations). Observations are for clear sky (TES optical depth < 0.2) and cloudy (TES optical depth > 1.0) conditions as suggested by Worden et al. (2007). The orange solid and dotted lines show model prediction as described in the TES water vapour and water vapour isotope. (a) and (b) Clear sky over the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) and the Eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) during 2005 and 2006, respectively. (c) and (d) Cloudy conditions over the WIO and the EIO during 2005 and 2006, respectively.