Sources of increase in lowermost stratospheric sulphurous and carbonaceous aerosol background concentrations during 1999–2008 derived from CARIBIC flights

Johan Friberg; Bengt G. Martinsson; Sandra M. Andersson; Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer; Markus Hermann; Peter f. J. Van Velthoven; Andreas Zahn

doi:10.3402/tellusb.v66.23428

Sources of increase in lowermost stratospheric sulphurous and carbonaceous aerosol background concentrations during 1999–2008 derived from CARIBIC flights

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

Volume 66 (2014): Issue 1

By: Johan Friberg, Bengt G. Martinsson, Sandra M. Andersson, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Markus Hermann, Peter f. J. Van Velthoven and Andreas Zahn

Open Access

|Jan 2014

Andersson S. M. , Martinsson B. G. , Friberg J. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Rauthe-Schöch A , co-authors . Composition and evolution of volcanic aerosol from eruptions of Kasatochi, Sarychev and Eyjafjallajökull in 2008–2010 based on CARIBIC observations . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2013 ; 13 : 1781 – 1796 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Andreae M. O. , Andreae T. W. , Annegarn H. , Beer J. , Cachier H. , co-authors . Airborne studies of emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa. 2. Aerosol chemical composition . J. Geophys. Res . 1998 ; 103 : 32119 – 32128 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Andreae M. O. , Merlet P . Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning . Global Biogeocheml. Cycles . 2001 ; 15 : 955 – 966 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Appenzeller C. , Holton J. R. , Rosenlof K. H . Seasonal variation of mass transport across the tropopause . J. Geophys. Res . 1996 ; 101 : 15071 – 15078 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Baker A. K. , Slemr F. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M . Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbons in air samples collected aboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft . Atmos. Meas. Tech . 2010 ; 3 : 311 – 321 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bazhenov O. E. , Burlakov V. D. , Dolgii S. I. , Nevzorov A. V . Lidar observations of aerosol disturbances of the stratosphere over Tomsk (56.5 N; 85.0 E) in volcanic activity period 2006–2011 . Int. J. Opt . 2012 ; 2012
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bourassa A. E. , Robock A. , Randel W. J. , Deshler T. , Rieger L. A , co-authors . Large volcanic aerosol load in the stratosphere linked to Asian monsoon transport . Science . 2012 ; 337 : 78 – 81 . [PubMed Abstract] .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Crutzen P. J. , Fischer H. , Güsten H. , Hans W. , co-authors . CARIBIC—Civil aircraft for global measurement of trace gases and aerosols in the tropopause region . J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol . 1999 ; 16 : 1373 – 1383 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Crutzen P. , Boumard F. , Dauer T. , Dix B , co-authors . Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrumented container: the new CARIBIC system . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2007 ; 7 : 4953 – 4976 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brewer A. W . Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere . Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc . 1949 ; 75 : 351 – 363 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brühl C. , Lelieveld J. , Crutzen P. J , Tost H . The role of carbonyl sulphide as a source of stratospheric sulphate aerosol and its impact on climate . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2012 ; 12 : 1239 – 1253 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bönisch H. , Engel A. , Curtius J. , Birner T. , Hoor P . Quantifying transport into the lowermost stratosphere using simultaneous in-situ measurements of SF6 and CO2 . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2009 ; 9 : 5905 – 5919 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Carn S. A. , Froyd K. D. , Anderson B. E. , Wennberg P. , Crounse J , co-authors . In situ measurements of tropospheric volcanic plumes in Ecuador and Colombia during TC4 . J. Geophys. Res . 2011 ; 116 : D00J24 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Carn S. A. , Krueger A. J. , Krotkov N. A. , Yang K , Evans K . Tracking volcanic sulfur dioxide clouds for aviation hazard mitigation . Nat. Hazards . 2009 ; 51 : 325 – 343 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Carn S. A. , Prata F. J . Satellite-based constraints on explosive SO₂ release from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2010 ; 37 : L00E22 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chin M. , Davis D. D . A reanalysis of carbonyl sulfide as a source of stratospheric background sulfur aerosol . J. Geophys. Res . 1995 ; 100 : 8993 – 9005 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Crutzen P. J . The possible importance of CSO for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere . Geophys. Res. Lett . 1976 ; 3 : 73 – 76 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Damoah R. , Spichtinger N. , Servranckx R. , Fromm M. , Eloranta E. W , co-authors . A case study of pyro-convection using transport model and remote sensing data . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2006 ; 6 : 173 – 185 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Deshler T . A review of global stratospheric aerosol: measurements, importance, life cycle, and local stratospheric aerosol . Atmos. Res . 2008 ; 90 : 223 – 232 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Deshler T. , Anderson-Sprecher R. , Jäger H. , Barnes J. , Hofmann D. J , co-authors . Trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 1971–2004 . J. Geophys. Res . 2006 ; 111 : D01201 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dessler A. E. , Hintsa E. J. , Weinstock E. M. , Anderson J. G. , Chan K. R . Mechanisms controlling water vapor in the lower stratosphere: “a tale of two stratospheres.” . J. Geophys. Res . 1995 ; 100 : 23167 – 23172 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dobson G. M. B . Origin and distribution of the polyatomic molecules in the atmosphere . Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A . 1956 ; 236 : 187 – 193 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dutton E. G. , Bodhaine B. A . Solar irradiance anomalies caused by clear-sky transmission variations above Mauna Loa: 1958–99 . J. Clim . 2001 ; 14 : 3255 – 3262 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Flury T. , Wu D. L , Read W. G . Variability in the speed of the Brewer–Dobson circulation as observed by Aura/MLS . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2013 ; 13 : 4563 – 4575 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fortuin J. P. F. , Kelder H . An ozone climatology based on ozonesonde and satellite measurements . J. Geophys. Res . 1998 ; 103 : 31709 – 31734 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fromm M. , Bevilacqua R. , Servranckx R. , Rosen J. , Thayer J. P , co-authors . Pyro-cumulonimbus injection of smoke to the stratosphere: observations and impact of a super blowup in northwestern Canada on 3–4 August 1998 . J. Geophys. Res . 2005 ; 110 : D08205 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fromm M. , Lindsey D. T. , Servranckx R. , Yue G. , Trickl T , co-authors . The untold story of pyrocumulonimbus . Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc . 2010 ; 91 : 1193 – 1209 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fromm M. , Torres O. , Diner D. , Lindsey D. , Vant Hull B , co-authors . Stratospheric impact of the Chisholm pyrocumulonimbus eruption: 1. Earth-viewing satellite perspective . J. Geophys. Res . 2008 ; 113 : D08202 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gettelman A. , Holton J. R. , Rosenlof K. H . Mass fluxes of O₃, CH₄, N₂O and CF₂Cl₂ in the lower stratosphere calculated from observational data . J. Geophys. Res . 1997 ; 102 : 19149 – 19159 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gettelman A. , Hoor P. , Pan L. L. , Randel W. J. , Hegglin M. I , co-authors . The extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere . Rev. Geophys . 2011 ; 49 : RG3003 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guan H. , Esswein R. , Lopez J. , Bergstrom R. , Warnock A , co-authors . A multi-decadal history of biomass burning plume heights identified using aerosol index measurements . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2010 ; 10 : 6461 – 6469 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
GVP . Global Volcanism Program . 2011 . Online at: http://www.volcano.si.edu/index.cfm .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hermann M. , Stratmann F. , Wilck M. , Wiedensohler A . Sampling characteristics of an aircraft-borne aerosol inlet system . J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol . 2001 ; 18 : 7 – 19 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hoerling M. P. , Schaack T. K. , Lenzen A. J . Global objective tropopause analysis . Mon. Weather Rev . 1991 ; 119 : 1816 – 1831 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hofmann D. , Barnes J. , O'Neill M. , Trudeau M , Neely R . 2009 . Increase in background stratospheric aerosol observed with lidar at Mauna Loa Observatory and Boulder, Colorado . Geophys. Res. Lett . 36 : L15808 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hoinka K. P . The tropopause: discovery, definition and demarcation . Meteorol. Z . 1997 ; 6 : 281 – 303 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Holton J. R. , Haynes P. H. , McIntyre M. E. , Douglas A. R. , Rood R. B. , co-authors . Stratosphere–troposphere exchange . Rev. Geophys . 1995 ; 33 : 403 – 439 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hoor P. , Fischer H , Lelieveld J . Tropical and extratropical tropospheric air in the lowermost stratosphere over Europe: a CO-based budget . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2005 ; 32
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hoskins B. J . Towards a PV-θ view of the general circulation . Tellus, Ser AB . 1991 ; 43 : 27 – 35 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Solomon S. , etal . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 . 2007 ; Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Johansson S. A. E. , Campbell J. L . PIXE: A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis . 1988 ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jost H. J. , Drdla K. , Stohl A. , Pfister L. , Loewenstein M. , co-authors . In-situ observations of mid-latitude forest fire plumes deep in the stratosphere . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2004 ; 31 : L11101 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Junge C. E. , Chagnon C. W. , Manson J. E . A world-wide stratospheric aerosol layer . Science . 1961 ; 133 : 1478 – 1479 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lelieveld J. , Bregman B. , Arnold F. , Bürger V. , Crutzen P. J , co-authors . Chemical perturbation of the lowermost stratosphere through exchange with the troposphere . Geophys. Res. Lett . 1997 ; 24 : 603 – 606 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lin P , Fu Q . Changes in various branches of the Brewer–Dobson circulation from an ensemble of chemistry climate models . J. Geophys. Res . 2013 ; 118 : 73 – 84 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martinsson B. G. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Carn S. A. , Hermann M. , Heue K. P , co-authors . Influence of the 2008 Kasatochi volcanic eruption on sulfurous and carbonaceous aerosol constituents in the lower stratosphere . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2009 ; 36 : L12813 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martinsson B. G. , Nguyen H. N. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Zahn A. , Heintzenberg J , co-authors . Characteristics and origin of lowermost stratospheric aerosol at northern midlatitudes under volcanically quiescent conditions based on CARIBIC observations . J. Geophys. Res . 2005 ; 110 : D12201 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Martinsson B. G. , Papaspiropoulos G. , Heintzenberg J. , Hermann M . Fine mode particulate sulphur in the tropopause region measured from intercontinental flights (CARIBIC) . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2001 ; 28 : 1175 – 1178 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Massie S. T . AURA Cloud/Aerosol/SO2Working Group . 2014 . Online at: http://avdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/PDF/volcano.pdf .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McCormick M. P. , Thomason L. W. , Trepte C. R . Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption . Nature . 1995 ; 373 : 399 – 404 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Murphy D. M. , Thomson D. S , Mahoney M. J . In situ measurements of organics, meteoritic material, mercury, and other elements in aerosols at 5 to 19 kilometers . Science . 1998 ; 282 : 1664 – 1669 . [PubMed Abstract] .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nagai T. , Liley B. , Sakai T. , Shibata T , Uchino O . Post-Pinatubo evolution and subsequent trend of the stratospheric aerosol layer observed by mid-latitude lidars in both hemispheres . Sola . 2010 ; 6 : 69 – 72 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Neely III, R. R. , Toon O. B. , Solomon S. , Vernier J. P. , Alvarez C , co-authors . Recent anthropogenic increases in SO₂ from Asia have minimal impact on stratospheric aerosol . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2013 ; 40 : 999 – 1004 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nguyen H. N. , Gudmundsson A , Martinsson B. G . Design and calibration of a multi-channel aerosol sampler for tropopause region studies from the CARIBIC platform . Aerosol Sci. Technol . 2006 ; 40 : 649 – 655 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nguyen H. N , Martinsson B. G . Analysis of C, N and O in aerosol collected on an organic backing using internal blankmeasurements and variable beam size . Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B . 2007 ; 264 : 96 – 102 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nguyen H. N. , Martinsson B. G. , Wagner J. B. , Carlemalm E. , Ebert M , co-authors . Chemical composition and morphology of individual aerosol particles from a CARIBIC flight at 10 km altitude between 50 N and 30 S . J. Geophys. Res . 2008 ; 113 : D23209 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oram D. E. , Mani F. S. , Laube J. C. , Newland M. J. , Reeves C. E. , co-authors . Long-term tropospheric trend of octafluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8 or PFC-318) . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2012 ; 12 : 261 – 269 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Papaspiropoulos G. , Mentes B. , Kristiansson P. , Martinsson B. G . A high sensitivity elemental analysis methodology for upper tropospheric aerosol . Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B . 1999 ; 150 : 356 – 362 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Prata A. J. , Bernardo C . Retrieval of volcanic SO₂ column abundance from atmospheric infrared sounder data . J. Geophys. Res . 2007 ; 112 : D20204 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rauthe-Schöch A. , Weigelt A. , Hermann M. , Martinsson B. G. , Baker A. K. , co-authors . CARIBIC aircraft measurements of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic clouds in April/May 2010 . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2012 ; 12 : 879 – 902 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Robock A . Volcanic eruptions and climate . Rev. Geophys . 2000 ; 38 : 191 – 219 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rosen J. M . The boiling point of stratospheric aerosols . J. Appl. Meteorol . 1971 ; 10 : 1044 – 1046 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rudnick R. L. , Fountain D. M . Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective . Rev. Geophys . 1995 ; 33 : 267 – 309 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schmale J. , Schneider J. , Jurkat T. , Voigt C. , Kalesse H , co-authors . Aerosol layers from the 2008 eruptions of Mount Okmok and Mount Kasatochi: in situ upper troposphere and lower stratosphere measurements of sulfate and organics over Europe . J. Geophys. Res . 2010 ; 115 : D00L07 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schuck T. J. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Slemr F. , Xueref-Remy I. , Zahn A . Greenhouse gas analysis of air samples collected onboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft . Atmos. Meas. Tech . 2009 ; 2 : 449 – 464 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schwarz J. P. , Spackman J. R. , Gao R. S. , Watts L. A. , Stier P , co-authors . Global-scale black carbon profiles observed in the remote atmosphere and compared to models . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2010 ; 37 : L18812 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Smith J. B. , Hintsa E. J. , Allen N. T. , Stimpfle R. M. , Anderson J. G . Mechanisms for midlatitude ozone loss: heterogeneous chemistry in the lowermost stratosphere? . J. Geophys. Res . 2001 ; 106 : 1297 – 1309 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Solomon S. , Borrmann S. , Garcia R. R. , Portmann R. , Thomason L , co-authors . Heterogeneous chlorine chemistry in the tropopause region . J. Geophys. Res . 1997 ; 102 : 21411 – 21429 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Solomon S. , Daniel J. S. , Neely R. R. , Vernier J. P. , Dutton E. G , co-authors . The persistently variable “background” stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change . Science . 2011 ; 333 : 866 – 870 . [PubMed Abstract] .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Spracklen D. V. , Arnold S. R. , Sciare J. , Carslaw K. S. , Pio C . Globally significant oceanic source of organic carbon aerosol . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2008 ; 35 : L12811 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sprenger M , Wernli H . A northern hemispheric climatology of cross-tropopause exchange for the ERA15 time period (1979–1993) . J. Geophys. Res . 2003 ; 108 ( D12 ): 8521 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sprung D , Zahn A . Acetone in the upper troposphere/lowermost stratosphere measured by the CARIBIC passenger aircraft: distribution, seasonal cycle, and variability . J. Geophys. Res . 2010 ; 115 : D16301 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stramska M . Particulate organic carbon in the global ocean derived from SeaWiFS ocean color . Deep Sea Res. Part I . 2009 ; 56 : 1459 – 1470 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tang Q. , Prather M. J , Hsu J . Stratosphere–troposphere exchange ozone flux related to deep convection . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2011 ; 38 : L03806 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thomas H. E. , Watson I. M. , Carn S. A. , Prata A. J , Realmuto V. J . A comparison of AIRS, MODIS and OMI sulphur dioxide retrievals in volcanic clouds . Geomatics Nat. Hazards Risk . 2011 ; 2 ( 3 ): 217 – 232 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Trickl T. , Giehl H. , Jäger H , Vogelmann H . 35 yr of stratospheric aerosol measurements at Garmisch-Partenkirchen: from Fuego to Eyjafjallajökull, and beyond . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2013 ; 13 : 5205 – 5225 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vernier J. P. , Pommereau J. P. , Garnier A. , Pelon J. , Larsen N , co-authors . Tropical stratospheric aerosol layer from CALIPSO lidar observations . J. Geophys. Res . 2009 ; 114 : D00H10 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vernier J. P. , Thomason L. W. , Kar J . CALIPSO detection of an Asian tropopause aerosol layer . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2011a ; 38 : L07804 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vernier J. P. , Thomason L. W. , Pommereau J. P. , Bourassa A. , Pelon J , co-authors . Major influence of tropical volcanic eruptions on the stratospheric aerosol layer during the last decade . Geophys. Res. Lett . 2011b ; 38 : L12807 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Weisenstein D. K. , Yue G. K. , Ko M. K. W. , Sze N. D. , Rodriguez J. M , co-authors . A two-dimensional model of sulfur species and aerosols . J. Geophys. Res . 1997 ; 102 : 13019 – 13035 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yang K. , Liu X. , Bhartia P. K. , Krotkov N. A. , Carn S. A. , co-authors . Direct retrieval of sulfur dioxide amount and altitude from spaceborne hyperspectral UV measurements: theory and application . J. Geophys. Res . 2010 ; 115 : D00L09 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zahn A. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M . New directions: a chemical tropopause defined . Atmos. Environ . 2003 ; 37 : 439 – 440 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zahn A. , Brenninkmeijer C. A. M. , Asman W. A. H. , Crutzen P. J. , Heinrich G , co-authors . Budgets of O₃ and CO in the upper troposphere: CARIBIC passenger aircraft results 1997–2001 . J. Geophys. Res . 2002 ; 107 ( D17 ): 4337 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zahn A. , Weppner J. , Widmann H. , Schlote-Holubek K. , Burger B , co-authors . A fast and precise chemiluminescence ozone detector for eddy flux and airborne application . Atmos. Meas. Tech . 2012 ; 5
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v66.23428 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 23428 - 23428

Submitted on: Nov 25, 2013

Accepted on: Feb 19, 2014

Published on: Jan 1, 2014

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

lowermost stratosphere,

elemental composition,

volcanic aerosol,

sulphurous aerosol,

carbonaceous aerosol

© 2014 Johan Friberg, Bengt G. Martinsson, Sandra M. Andersson, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Markus Hermann, Peter f. J. Van Velthoven, Andreas Zahn, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 66 (2014): Issue 1