Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
A whole-air relaxed eddy accumulation measurement system for sampling vertical vapour exchange of elemental mercury Cover

A whole-air relaxed eddy accumulation measurement system for sampling vertical vapour exchange of elemental mercury

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology
Volume 65 (2013): Issue 1
By: ,  ,  ,   and    
Open Access
|Jan 2013
References

References

  1. Ammann C . On the Applicability of Relaxed Eddy Accumulation and Common Methods for Measuring Trace Gas Surface Fluxes . 1998 ; Zürich, Switzerland : Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) . 229 . PhD Thesis .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  2. Ammann C , Meixner F. X . Stability dependence of the relaxed eddy accumulation coefficient for various scalar quantities . J. Geophys. Res . 2002 ; 107 : 4071 – 4080 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  3. Avila K , Moxey D , de Lozar A , Avila M , Barkley D , co-authors . The onset of turbulence in pipe flow . Science . 2011 ; 333 : 192 – 196 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  4. Baker J. M , Norman J. M , Bland W. L . Field-scale application of flux measurement by conditional sampling . Agr. Forest Meteorol . 1992 ; 62 : 31 – 52 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  5. Bash J. O . Measurements of Total Mercury Flux Over a Forest Canopy for Model Development . 2006 ; Storrs, CT : University of Connecticut . 166 . PhD Thesis .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  6. Bash J. O , Miller D. R . A relaxed eddy accumulation system for measuring surface fluxes of total gaseous mercury . J. Atmos. Ocean Tech . 2008 ; 25 : 244 – 257 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  7. Bash J. O , Miller D. R . Growing season total gaseous mercury (TGM) flux measurements over an Acer rubrum L. stand . Atmos. Environ . 2009 ; 43 : 5953 – 5961 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  8. Baya A. P , van Heyst B . Assessing the trends and effects of environmental parameters on the behaviour of mercury in the lower atmosphere over cropped land over four seasons . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2010 ; 10 : 8617 – 8628 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  9. Beverland I. J , Oneill D. H , Scott S. L , Moncrieff J. B . Design, construction and operation of flux measurement systems using the conditional sampling technique . Atmos. Environ . 1996 ; 30 : 3209 – 3220 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  10. Bowling D. R , Pataki D. E , Ehleringer J. R . Critical evaluation of micrometeorological methods for measuring ecosystem–atmosphere isotopic exchange of CO2 . Agr. Forest Meteorol . 2003 ; 116 : 159 – 179 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  11. Bowling D. R , Turnipseed A. A , Delany A. C , Baldocchi D. D , Greenberg J. P , co-authors . The use of relaxed eddy accumulation to measure biosphere–atmosphere exchange of isoprene and of her biological trace gases . Oecologia . 1998 ; 116 : 306 – 315 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  12. Businger J. A , Oncley S. P . Flux measurement with conditional sampling . J. Atmos. Ocean Tech . 1990 ; 7 : 349 – 352 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  13. Carpi A , Lindberg S. E . Sunlight-mediated emission of elemental mercury from soil amended with municipal sewage sludge . Environ. Sci. Technol . 1997 ; 31 : 2085 – 2091 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  14. Christensen C. S , Hummelshøj P , Jensen N. O , Larsen B , Lohse C , co-authors . Determination of the terpene flux from orange species and Norway spruce by relaxed eddy accumulation . Atmos. Environ . 2000 ; 34 : 3057 – 3067 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  15. Ci Z , Zhang X , Wang Z . Enhancing atmospheric mercury research in China to improve the current understanding of the global mercury cycle: the need for urgent and closely coordinated efforts . Environ. Sci. Technol . 2012 ; 46 : 5636 – 5642 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  16. Cobbett F. D , van Heyst B. J . Measurements of GEM fluxes and atmospheric mercury concentrations (GEM, RGM and Hg-p) from an agricultural field amended with biosolids in Southern Ont., Canada (October 2004–November 2004) . Atmos. Environ . 2007 ; 41 : 2270 – 2282 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  17. Cobos D. R . Determination of Mercury Vapor Fluxes by Conditional Sampling . 2003 ; St. Paul, MN : University of Minnesota . 141 . PhD Thesis .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  18. Cobos D. R , Baker J. M , Nater E. A . Conditional sampling for measuring mercury vapor fluxes . Atmos. Environ . 2002 ; 36 : 4309 – 4321 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  19. Converse A. D , Riscassi A. L , Scanlon T. M . Seasonal variability in gaseous mercury fluxes measured in a high-elevation meadow . Atmos. Environ . 2010 ; 44 : 2176 – 2185 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  20. Desjardins R. L , Buckley D , St Amour G . Eddy flux measurements of CO2 above corn using a microcomputer system . Agr. Forest Meteor . 1984 ; 32 : 257 – 265 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  21. Edwards G. C , Rasmussen P. E , Schroeder W. H , Wallace D. M , Halfpenny-Mitchell L , co-authors . Development and evaluation of a sampling system to determine gaseous mercury fluxes using an aerodynamic micrometeorological gradient method . J. Geophys. Res . 2005 ; 110 D10306 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  22. Fan S. M , Wofsy S. C , Bakwin P. S , Jacob D. J , Fitzjarrald D. R . Atmosphere–biosphere exchange of CO2 and O3 in the central Amazon Forest . J. Geophys. Res . 1990 ; 95 : 16851 – 16864 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  23. Feng X. B , Tang S. L , Li Z. G , Wang S. F , Liang L . Landfill is an important atmospheric mercury emission source . Chin. Sci. Bull . 2004 ; 49 : 2068 – 2072 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  24. Feng X. B , Wang S. F , Qiu G. A , Hou Y. M , Tang S. L . Total gaseous mercury emissions from soil in Guiyang, Guizhou, China . J. Geophys. Res . 2005 ; 110
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  25. Foken T , Wichura B . Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements . Agr. Forest Meteorol . 1996 ; 78 : 83 – 105 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  26. Fritsche J , Wohlfahrt G , Ammann C , Zeeman M , Hammerle A , co-authors . Summertime elemental mercury exchange of temperate grasslands on an ecosystem-scale . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2008 ; 8 : 7709 – 7722 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  27. Fu X , Feng X , Sommar J , Wang S . A review of studies on atmospheric mercury in China . Sci. Total Environ . 2012a ; 421–422 : 73 – 81 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  28. Fu X. W , Feng X. B , Wang S. F . Exchange fluxes of Hg between surfaces and atmosphere in the eastern flank of Mount Gongga, Sichuan province, southwestern China . J. Geophys. Res . 2008 ; 113
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  29. Fu X. W , Feng X. B , Zhang H , Yu B , Chen L. G . Mercury emissions from natural surfaces highly impacted by human activities in Guangzhou province, South China . Atmos. Environ . 2012b ; 54 : 185 – 193 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  30. Gaman A , Rannik Ü , Aalto P , Pohja T , Siivola E , co-authors . Relaxed eddy accumulation system for size-resolved aerosol particle flux measurements . J. Atmos. Ocean Tech . 2004 ; 21 : 933 – 943 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  31. Gao W . The vertical change of coefficient b, used in the relaxed eddy accumulation method for flux measurement above and within a forest canopy . Atmos. Environ . 1995 ; 29 : 2339 – 2347 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  32. Goldstein A. H , Schade G. W . Quantifying biogenic and anthropogenic contributions to acetone mixing ratios in a rural environment . Atmos. Environ . 2000 ; 34 : 4997 – 5006 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  33. Graydon J. A , St Louis V. L , Lindberg S. E , Hintelmann H , Krabbenhoft D. P . Investigation of mercury exchange between forest canopy vegetation and the atmosphere using a new dynamic chamber . Environ. Sci. Technol . 2006 ; 40 : 4680 – 4688 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  34. Grigal D. F . Mercury sequestration in forests and peatlands: a review . J. Environ. Qual . 2003 ; 32 : 393 – 405 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  35. Grönholm T , Haapanala S , Launiainen S , Rinne J , Vesala T , co-authors . The dependence of the beta coefficient of REA system with dynamic deadband on atmospheric conditions . Environ. Pollut . 2008 ; 152 : 597 – 603 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  36. Guenther A , Baugh W , Davis K , Hampton G , Harley P , co-authors . Isoprene fluxes measured by enclosure, relaxed eddy accumulation, surface layer gradient, mixed layer gradient, and mixed layer mass balance techniques . J. Geophys. Res . 1996 ; 101 : 18555 – 18567 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  37. Gustin M. S , Lindberg S , Marsik F , Casimir A , Ebinghaus R , co-authors . Nevada STORMS project: measurement of mercury emissions from naturally enriched surfaces . J. Geophys. Res . 1999 ; 104 : 21831 – 21844 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  38. Hammerle A , Haslwanter A , Schmitt M , Bahn M , Tappeiner U , co-authors . Eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide, latent and sensible energy fluxes above a meadow on a mountain slope . Bound. Layer Meteorol . 2007 ; 122 : 397 – 416 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  39. Hamotani K , Uchida Y , Monji N , Miyata A . A system of the relaxed eddy accumulation method to evaluate CO2 flux over plant canopies . J. Agr. Chem . 1996 ; 52 : 135 – 139 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  40. Hicks B. B , McMillen R. T . A simulation of the eddy accumulation method for measuring pollutant fluxes . J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol . 1984 ; 23 : 637 – 643 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  41. Hornsby K. E , Flynn M. J , Dorsey J. R , Gallagher M. W , Chance R , co-authors . A relaxed eddy accumulation (REA)-GC/MS system for the determination of halocarbon fluxes . Atmos. Meas. Tech . 2009 ; 2 : 437 – 448 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  42. Jia L , Wang W. Y , Li Y. H , Yang L. S . Heavy metals in soil and crops of an intensively farmed area: a case study in Yucheng City, Shandong Province, China . Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health . 2010 ; 7 : 395 – 412 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  43. Kaimal J. C , Finnigan J. J . Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows, their Structure and Measurements . 1994 ; Oxford, 289 : Oxford University Press .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  44. Kaimal J. C , Wyngaard J. C , Izumi Y , Coté O. R . Spectral characteristics of surface layer turbulence . Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc . 1972 ; 98 : 563 – 589 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  45. Katul G. G , Finkelstein P. L , Clarke J. F , Ellestad T. G . An investigation of the conditional sampling method used to estimate fluxes of active, reactive, and passive scalars . J. Appl. Meteorol . 1996 ; 35 : 1835 – 1845 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  46. Kim K. H , Kim M. Y . The exchange of gaseous mercury across soil-air interface in a residential area of Seoul, Korea . Atmos. Environ . 1999 ; 33 : 3153 – 3165 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  47. Kim K. H , Kim M. Y , Kim J , Lee G . The concentrations and fluxes of total gaseous mercury in a western coastal area of Korea during late March 2001 . Atmos. Environ . 2002 ; 36 : 3413 – 3427 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  48. Kim K. H , Kim M. Y , Kim J , Lee G . Effects of changes in environmental conditions on atmospheric mercury exchange: comparative analysis from a rice paddy field during the two spring periods of 2001 and 2002 . J. Geophys. Res . 2003 ; 108
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  49. Kim K. H , Kim M. Y , Lee G . The soil–air exchange characteristics of total gaseous mercury from a large-scale municipal landfill area . Atmos. Environ . 2001 ; 35 : 3475 – 3493 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  50. Kljun N , Calanca P , Rotachhi M. W , Schmid H. P . A simple parameterisation for flux footprint predictions . Bound. Layer Meteorol . 2004 ; 112 : 503 – 523 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  51. Kormann R , Meixner F. X . An analytical footprint model for nonneutral stratification . Bound. Layer Meteorol . 2001 ; 99 : 207 – 224 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  52. Kothny E. L , Kothny E. L . The three-phase equilibrium of mercury in nature . Trace Elements in the Environment . 1973 ; Washington, DC : American Chemical Society . 48 – 80 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  53. Kristensen L , Mann J , Oncley S. P , Wyngaard J. C . How close is close enough when measuring scalar fluxes with displaced sensors? . J. Atmos. Ocean Tech . 1997 ; 14 : 814 – 821 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  54. Lee X. H . Water vapor density effect on measurements of trace gas mixing ratio and flux with a massflow controller . J. Geophys. Res . 2000 ; 105 : 17807 – 17810 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  55. Lee X , Benoit G , Hu X. Z . Total gaseous mercury concentration and flux over a coastal saltmarsh vegetation in Connecticut, USA . Atmos. Environ . 2000 ; 34 : 4205 – 4213 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  56. Legg B. J , Long I. F . Turbulent diffusion within a wheat canopy: II. Results and interpretation . Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc . 1975 ; 101 : 611 – 628 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  57. Leistra M , Smelt J. H , Weststrate J. H , van den Berg F , Aalderink R . Volatilization of the pesticides chlorpyrifos and fenpropimorph from a potato crop . Environ. Sci. Technol . 2006 ; 40 : 96 – 102 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  58. Lenschow D. H , Raupach M. R . The attenuation of fluctuations in scalar concentrations through sampling tubes . J. Geophys. Res . 1991 ; 96 : 15259 – 15268 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  59. Li L , Nielsen D. C , Yu Q , Ma L , Ahuja L. R . Evaluating the crop water stress index and its correlation with latent heat and CO2 fluxes over winter wheat and maize in the North China plain . Agr. Water Manag . 2010 ; 97 : 1146 – 1155 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  60. Lin C.-J , Wei Z , Li X , Feng X , Sommar J , co-authors . Novel dynamic flux chamber for measuring air-surface exchange of Hg0 from soils . Environ. Sci. Technol . 2012 ; 46 : 8910 – 8920 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  61. Lindberg S , Bullock R , Ebinghaus R , Engstrom D , Feng X. B , co-authors . A synthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in deposition . Ambio . 2007 ; 36 : 19 – 32 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  62. Lindberg S. E , Hanson P. J , Meyers T. P , Kim K. H . Air-surface exchange of mercury vapor over forests – the need for a reassessment of continental biogenic emissions . Atmos. Environ . 1998 ; 32 : 895 – 908 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  63. Majewski M , Desjardins R , Rochette P , Pattey E , Seiber J , co-authors . Field comparison of an eddy accumulation and an aerodynamic-gradient system for measuring pesticide volatilization fluxes . Environ. Sci. Technol . 1993 ; 27 : 121 – 128 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  64. Mason R. P , Pirrone N , Mason R . Mercury emissions from natural processes and their importance in the global mercury cycle . Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere . 2009 ; Springer, Berlin . 173 – 191 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  65. Massman W. J . The attenuation of concentration fluctuations in turbulent-flow through a tube . J. Geophys. Res . 1991 ; 96 : 15269 – 15273 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  66. Massman W. J . A simple method for estimating frequency response corrections for eddy covariance systems . Agr. Forest Meteorol . 2000 ; 104 : 185 – 198 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  67. Mauder M , Foken T . Documentation and instruction manual of EC software package TK2 . 2004 ; Germany : University of Bayreuth . 45 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  68. Meyers T. P , Luke W. T , Meisinger J. J . Fluxes of ammonia and sulfate over maize using relaxed eddy accumulation . Agr. Forest Meteorol . 2006 ; 136 : 203 – 213 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  69. Moncrieff J. B , Clement R , Finnigan J , Meyers T , Lee X , Massman W. J , Law B. E . Averaging, detrending and filtering of eddy covariance time series . Handbook of Micrometeorology: A Guide for Surface Flux Measurements . 2004 ; Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht . 7 – 31 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  70. Moncrieff J. B , Massheder J. M , de Bruin H , Ebers J , Friborg T , co-authors . A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide . J. Hydrol . 1997 ; 188–189 : 589 – 611 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  71. Nguyen H. T , Kim K. H , Kim M. Y , Shon Z. H . Exchange pattern of gaseous elemental mercury in an active urban landfill facility . Chemosphere . 2008 ; 70 : 821 – 832 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  72. Nie D , Kleindienst T. E , Arnts R. R , Sickles J. E . The design and testing of a relaxed eddy accumulation system . J. Geophys. Res . 1995 ; 100 : 11415 – 11423 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  73. Obrist D . Atmospheric mercury pollution due to losses of terrestrial carbon pools? . Biogeochemistry . 2007 ; 85 : 119 – 123 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  74. Olofsson M , Ek-Olaussson B , Ljungström E , Langer S . Flux of organic compounds from grass measured by relaxed eddy accumulation technique . J. Environ. Monit . 2003 ; 5 : 963 – 970 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  75. Olofsson M , Sommar J , Ljungström E , Andersson M . Application of relaxed eddy accumulation technique to quantify Hg0 fluxes over modified soil surfaces . Water Air Soil Pollut . 2005 ; 167 : 331 – 354 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  76. Oncley S. P , Delany A. C , Horst T. W , Tans P. P . Verification of flux measurement using relaxed eddy accumulation . Atmos. Environ. A. Gen. Top . 1993 ; 27 : 2417 – 2426 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  77. Park C , Schade G. W , Boedeker I . Flux measurements of volatile organic compounds by the relaxed eddy accumulation method combined with a GC-FID system in urban Houston, Texas . Atmos. Environ . 2010 ; 44 : 2605 – 2614 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  78. Pattey E , Cessna A. J , Desjardins R. L , Kerr L. A , Rochette P , co-authors . Herbicides volatilization measured by the relaxed eddy-accumulation technique using two trapping media . Agr. Forest Meteorol . 1995 ; 76 : 201 – 220 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  79. Pattey E , Desjardins R. L , Rochette P . Accuracy of the relaxed eddy-accumulation technique, evaluated using CO2 flux measurements . Bound. Layer Meteorol . 1993 ; 66 : 341 – 355 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  80. Pirrone N , Cinnirella S , Feng X , Finkelman R. B , Friedli H. R , co-authors , Pirrone N , Mason R . Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources . Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere . 2009 ; Springer, New York, USA . 1 – 47 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  81. Poissant L , Pilote M , Yumvihoze E , Lean D . Mercury concentrations and foliage/atmosphere fluxes in a maple forest ecosystem in Quebec, Canada . J. Geophys. Res . 2008 ; 113
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  82. Pryor S. C , Barthelmie R. J , Jensen B , Jensen N. O , Sørensen L. L . HNO3 fluxes to a deciduous forest derived using gradient and REA methods . Atmos. Environ . 2002 ; 36 : 5993 – 5999 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  83. Quan J , Zhang X , Shim S. G . Estimation of vegetative mercury emissions in China . J. Environ. Sci . 2008 ; 20 : 1070 – 1074 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  84. Raupach M. R . Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness length and zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index . Bound. Layer Meteorol . 1994 ; 71 : 211 – 216 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  85. Ren X , Sanders J. E , Rajendran A , Weber R. J , Goldstein A. H , co-authors . A relaxed eddy accumulation system for measuring vertical fluxes of nitrous acid . Atmos. Meas. Tech . 2011 ; 4 : 2093 – 2103 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  86. Ruppert J . ATEM software for atmospheric turbulent exchange measurements using EC and REA systems and Bayreuth whole air REA system set-up . 2005 ; University of Bayreuth, Germany . 29 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  87. Ruppert J . CO2 and Isotope Flux Measurements above a Spruce Forest . 2008 ; PhD Thesis. University of Bayreuth, Germany . 156 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  88. Schade G. W , Goldstein A. H . Fluxes of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from a ponderosa pine plantation . J. Geophys. Res . 2001 ; 106 : 3111 – 3123 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  89. Schery S. D , Wasiolek P. T , Nemetz B. M , Yarger F. D , Whittlestone S . Relaxed eddy accumulator for flux measurement of nanometer-size particles . Aerosol Sci. Technol . 1998 ; 28 : 159 – 172 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  90. Schroeder W. H , Beauchamp S , Edwards G , Poissant L , Rasmussen P , co-authors . Gaseous mercury emissions from natural sources in Canadian landscapes . J. Geophys. Res . 2005 ; 110
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  91. Selin N. E , Jacob D. J , Yantosca R. M , Strode S , Jaeglé L , co-authors . Global 3-D land-ocean-atmosphere model for mercury: present-day versus preindustrial cycles and anthropogenic enrichment factors for deposition . Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles . 2008 ; 22
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  92. Shetty S. K , Lin C. J , Streets D. G , Jang C . Model estimate of mercury emission from natural sources in East Asia . Atmos. Environ . 2008 ; 42 : 8674 – 8685 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  93. Skov H , Brooks S. B , Goodsite M. E , Lindberg S. E , Meyers T. P , co-authors . Fluxes of reactive gaseous mercury measured with a newly developed method using relaxed eddy accumulation . Atmos. Environ . 2006 ; 40 : 5452 – 5463 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  94. Smith L. M , Reinfelder J. R . Mercury volatilization from salt marsh sediments . J. Geophys. Res . 2009 ; 114
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  95. Smith-Downey N. V , Sunderland E. M , Jacob D. J . Anthropogenic impacts on global storage and emissions of mercury from terrestrial soils: insights from a new global model . J. Geophys. Res . 2010 ; 115
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  96. Sommar J , Zhu W , Lin C. J , Feng X . Field approaches to measure Hg exchange between natural surfaces and the atmosphere – A review . Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol . 2013 ; 43
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  97. Streets D. G , Hao J , Wu Y , Jiang J , Chan M , co-authors . Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China . Atmos. Environ . 2005 ; 39 : 7789 – 7806 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  98. Sun X. M , Zhu Z. L , Xu J. P , Yuan G. F , Zhou Y. L , co-authors . Determination of averaging period parameter and its effects analysis for eddy covariance measurements . Sci. China Earth Sci . 2005 ; 48 : 33 – 41 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  99. Sutton M. A , Milford C , Nemitz E , Theobald M. R , Hill P. W , co-authors . Biosphere–atmosphere interactions of ammonia with grasslands: experimental strategy and results from a new European initiative . Plant Soil . 2001 ; 228 : 131 – 145 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  100. Sutton M. A , Schjørring J. K , Wyers G. P . Plant atmosphere exchange of ammonia . Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A . 1995 ; 351 : 261 – 276 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  101. Temme C , Blanchard P , Steffen A , Banic C , Beauchamp S , co-authors . Trend, seasonal and multivariate analysis study of total gaseous mercury data from the Canadian atmospheric mercury measurement network (CAMNet) . Atmos. Environ . 2007 ; 41 : 5423 – 5441 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  102. Valentini R , Greco S , Seufert G , Bertin N , Ciccioli P , co-authors . Fluxes of biogenic VOC from Mediterranean vegetation by trap enrichment relaxed eddy accumulation . Atmos. Environ . 1997 ; 31 : 229 – 238 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  103. Valverde-Canossa J , Ganzeveld L , Rappenglück B , Steinbrecher R , Klemm O , co-authors . First measurements of H2O2 and organic peroxides surface fluxes by the relaxed eddy-accumulation technique . Atmos. Environ . 2006 ; 40 : S55 – S67 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  104. van Dijk A , Moene A. F , de Bruin H. A. R . The Principles of Surface Flux Physics: Theory, Practice and Description of the ECPack Library . 2004 ; Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands . 99 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  105. Wang D. Y , He L , Shi X. J , Wei S. Q , Feng X. B . Release flux of mercury from different environmental surfaces in Chongqing, China . Chemosphere . 2006 ; 64 : 1845 – 1854 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  106. Wang S. F , Feng X. B , Qiu G. L , Shang L. H , Li P , co-authors . Mercury concentrations and air/soil fluxes in Wuchuan mercury mining district, Guizhou province, China . Atmos. Environ . 2007a ; 41 : 5984 – 5993 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  107. Wang S. F , Feng X. B , Qiu G. L , Fu X. W , Wei Z. Q . Characteristics of mercury exchange flux between soil and air in the heavily air-polluted area, eastern Guizhou, China . Atmos. Environ . 2007b ; 41 : 5584 – 5594 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  108. Wang S. F , Feng X. B , Qiu G. L , Wei Z. Q , Xiao T. F . Mercury emission to atmosphere from Lanmuchang Hg-Tl mining area, Southwestern Guizhou, China . Atmos. Environ . 2005 ; 39 : 7459 – 7473 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  109. Webb E. K , Pearman G. I , Leuning R . Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water-vapor transfer . Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc . 1980 ; 106 : 85 – 100 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  110. Wyngaard J. C , Coté O. R , Izumi Y . Local free convection, similarity and the budgets of shear stress and heat flux . J. Atmos. Sci . 1971 ; 28 : 1171 – 1182 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  111. Xu X , Bingemer H. G , Schmidt U . The flux of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide between the atmosphere and a spruce forest . Atmos. Chem. Phys . 2002 ; 2 : 171 – 181 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  112. Zemmelink H. J , Gieskes W. W. C , Klaassen W , de Groot H. W , de Baar H. J. W , co-authors . Simultaneous use of relaxed eddy accumulation and gradient flux techniques for the measurement of sea-to-air exchange of dimethyl sulphide . Atmos. Environ . 2002 ; 36 : 5709 – 5717 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  113. Zhu J. S , Wang D. Y , Liu X. A , Zhang Y. T . Mercury fluxes from air/surface interfaces in paddy field and dry land . Appl. Geochem . 2011 ; 26 : 249 – 255 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  114. Zhu T , Desjardins R. L , Macpherson J. I , Pattey E , St Amour G . Aircraft measurements of the concentration and flux of agrochemicals . Environ. Sci. Technol . 1998 ; 32 : 1032 – 1038 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  115. Zhu T , Pattey E , Desjardins R. L . Relaxed eddy-accumulation technique for measuring ammonia volatilization . Environ. Sci. Technol . 2000 ; 34 : 199 – 203 .
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  116. Zhu W , Li Z , Chai X , Hao Y , Lin C.-J , co-authors . Emission characteristics and air-surface exchange of gaseous mercury at the largest active landfill in Asia . Atmos. Environ . 2013 ; 79
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19940 | Journal eISSN: 1600-0889
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 19940 - 19940
Submitted on: Oct 23, 2012
Accepted on: Sep 29, 2013
Published on: Jan 1, 2013
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
air-surface gas exchange,
elemental mercury,
micro-meteorological technique,
cropland ecosystem flux

© 2013 Jonas Sommar, Wei Zhu, Lihai Shang, Xinbin Feng, Che-Jin Lin, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 65 (2013): Issue 1
Previous article
Next article