Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Arctic Ocean freshwater composition, pathways and transformations from a passive tracer simulation Cover

Arctic Ocean freshwater composition, pathways and transformations from a passive tracer simulation

Open Access
|Dec 2014

References

  1. Aagaard K. , Coachman L. K. , Carmack E. C . On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. A. Oceanogr. Res. Paper. 1981; 28: 529545.
  2. Alkire M. B. , Falkner K. K. , Rigor I. G. , Steele M. , Morison J . The return of Pacific waters to the upper layers of the central Arctic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. I. Oceanogr. Res. Paper. 2007; 54: 15091529.
  3. Bauch D. , Schlosser P. , Fairbanks R. G . Freshwater balance and the sources of deep and bottom waters in the Arctic Ocean inferred from the distribution of H218O. Progr. Oceanogr. 1995; 35: 5380.
  4. Bauch D. , van der Loeff M. R. , Andersen N. , Torres-Valdes S. , Bakker K. , co-authors . Origin of freshwater and polynya water in the Arctic Ocean halocline in summer 2007. Prog. Oceanogr. 2011; 91: 482495.
  5. Björk G . A one-dimensional time-dependent model for the vertical stratification of the upper Arctic ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1989; 19: 5267.
  6. Björk G. , Söderkvist J. , Winsor P. , Nikolopoulos A. , Steele M . Return of the cold halocline layer to the Amundsen Basin of the Arctic Ocean: implications for the sea ice mass balance. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002; 29: 1513.
  7. Brodeau L. , Barnier B. , Treguier A.-M. , Penduff T. , Gulev S . An ERA40-based atmospheric forcing for global ocean circulation models. Ocean Model. 2010; 31: 88104.
  8. Cavalieri D. J. , Martin S . The contribution of Alaskan, Siberian, and Canadian coastal polynyas to the cold halocline layer of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1994; 99: 1834318362.
  9. Coachman L. K. , Barnes C. A . Surface Water in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Arctic. 1962; 15: 251278.
  10. Condron A. , Winsor P. , Hill C. , Menemenlis D . Simulated response of the Arctic Freshwater budget to extreme NAO wind forcing. J. Clim. 2009; 22: 24222437.
  11. DeWeaver E. , Bitz C. M . Atmospheric circulation and its effect on Arctic Sea Ice in CCSM3 simulations at medium and high resolution. J. Clim. 2006; 19: 24152436.
  12. Dmitrenko I. A. , Kirillov S. A. , Tremblay L. B. , Bauch D. , Makhotin M . Effects of atmospheric vorticity on the seasonal hydrographic cycle over the eastern Siberian shelf. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008; 35: L03619.
  13. Dodd P. A. , Rabe B. , Hansen E. , Falck E. , Mackensen A. , co-authors . The freshwater composition of the Fram Strait outflow derived from a decade of tracer measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 2012; 117: 11005.
  14. Döscher R. , Wyser K. , Meier H. E. M. , Qian M. , Redler R . Quantifying Arctic contributions to climate predictability in a regional coupled ocean-ice-atmosphere model. Clim. Dyn. 2010; 34: 11571176.
  15. Ekwurzel B. , Schlosser P. , Mortlock R. A. , Fairbanks R. G. , Swift J. H. H . River runoff, sea ice meltwater, and Pacific water distribution and mean residence times in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2001; 106: 90759092.
  16. Giles K. A. , Laxon S. W. , Ridout A. L. , Wingham D. J. , Bacon S . Western Arctic Ocean freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre. Nat. Geosci. 2012; 5: 14.
  17. Guay C. K. H. , McLaughlin F. A. , Yamamoto-Kawai M . Differentiating fluvial components of upper Canada Basin waters on the basis of measurements of dissolved barium combined with other physical and chemical tracers. J. Geophys. Res. 2009; 114: C00A09.
  18. Harms I. H. , Karcher M. J. , Dethleff D . Modelling Siberian river runoff – implications for contaminant transport in the Arctic Ocean. J. Mar. Syst. 2000; 27: 95115.
  19. Holland M. M. , Finnis J. , Barrett A. P. , Serreze M. C . Projected changes in Arctic Ocean freshwater budgets. J. Geophys. Res. 2007; 112: G04S55.
  20. Hunke E. C. , Dukowicz J. K . An elastic–viscous–plastic model for sea ice dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1997; 27: 18491867.
  21. Hunkins K. , Whitehead J. A . Laboratory simulation of exchange through Fram Strait. J. Geophys. Res. 1992; 97: 1129911321.
  22. Jahn A. , Aksenov Y. , de Cuevas B. A. , de Steur L. , Häkkinen S. , co-authors . Arctic Ocean freshwater: how robust are model simulations?. J. Geophys. Res. 2012; 117: 00D16.
  23. Jahn A. , Tremblay L. B. , Newton R. , Holland M. M. , Mysak L. A. , co-authors . A tracer study of the Arctic Ocean's liquid freshwater export variability. J. Geophys. Res. 2010; 115: 07015.
  24. Jones E. P. , Anderson L. G . Dickson R. R. , Meincke J. , Rhines P . Is the global conveyor belt threatened by Arctic Ocean Fresh Water outflow?. Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes. 2008; Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. 385404.
  25. Jones E. P. , Anderson L. G. , Jutterstrom S. , Mintrop L. , Swift J. H. H . Pacific freshwater, river water and sea ice meltwater across Arctic Ocean basins: results from the 2005 Beringia expedition. J. Geophys. Res. 2008; 113: C08012.
  26. Kalnay E. , Kanamitsu M. , Kistler R. , Collins W. , Deaven D. , co-authors . The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis 40-year project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1996; 77: 437471.
  27. Karcher M. J. , Oberhuber J. M . Pathways and modification of the upper and intermediate waters of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2002; 107: 3049.
  28. Large W. G. , McWilliams J. C. , Doney S. C . Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys. 1994; 32: 363.
  29. Lique C. , Treguier A.-M. , Blanke B. , Grima N . On the origins of water masses exported along both sides of Greenland: a Lagrangian model analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 2010; 115: C05019.
  30. Madec G . NEMO Ocean Engine. 2008. Note du Pole de modélisation 27. Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), France.
  31. Mårtensson S. , Meier H. E. M. , Pemberton P. , Haapala J . Ridged sea ice characteristics in the Arctic from a coupled multicategory sea ice model. J. Geophys. Res. 2012; 117: C00D15.
  32. Martin S. , Cavalieri D. J . Contributions of the Siberian shelf polynyas to the Arctic Ocean intermediate and deep water. J. Geophys. Res. 1989; 94: 12725.
  33. Martinson D. G. , Steele M . Future of the Arctic sea ice cover: implications of an Antarctic analog. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001; 28: 307310.
  34. Maslowski W. , Newton B. , Schlosser P. , Semtner A. J. , Martinson D . Modeling recent climate variability in the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000; 27: 37433746.
  35. McClelland J. W. , Holmes R. , Dunton K. H. , Macdonald R. W . The Arctic Ocean estuary. Estuar. Coast. 2011; 35: 353368.
  36. Meier H. E. M. , Döscher R. , Faxen T . A multiprocessor coupled ice-ocean model for the Baltic Sea: application to salt inflow. J. Geophys. Res. 2003; 108: 3273.
  37. Morison J. , Kwok R. , Peralta-Ferriz C. , Alkire M. B. , Rigor I. G. , co-authors . Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways. Nature. 2012; 481: 6670.
  38. Morison J. , Steele M. , Kikuchi T. , Falkner K. K. , Smethie W . Relaxation of central Arctic Ocean hydrography to pre-1990s climatology. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006; 33: L17604.
  39. Newton B. , Tremblay L. B. , Cane M. A. , Schlosser P . A simple model of the Arctic Ocean response to annular atmospheric modes. J. Geophys. Res. 2006; 111: C09019.
  40. Newton R. , Schlosser P. , Martinson D. G. , Maslowski W . Freshwater distribution in the Arctic Ocean: simulation with a high-resolution model and model-data comparison. J. Geophys. Res. 2008; 113: C05024.
  41. Newton R. , Schlosser P. , Mortlock R. , Swift J. H. H. , Macdonald R. W . Canadian Basin freshwater sources and changes: results from the 2005 Arctic Ocean Section. J. Geophys. Res. 2013; 118: 21332154.
  42. Nguyen A. T. , Kwok R. , Menemenlis D . Source and pathway of the Western Arctic upper halocline in a data-constrained coupled ocean and sea ice model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2012; 42: 802823.
  43. Nilsson J. , Björk G. , Rudels B. , Winsor P. , Torres D. J . Liquid freshwater transport and polar surface water characteristics in the East Greenland current during the AO-02 Oden expedition. Progr. Oceanogr. 2008; 78: 4557.
  44. Östlund H. G. , Hut G . Arctic Ocean water mass balance from isotope data. J. Geophys. Res. 1984; 89: 63736381.
  45. Pickart R. S . Shelfbreak circulation in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: mean structure and variability. J. Geophys. Res. 2004; 109: C04024.
  46. Prange M . Einfluss arktischer Süsswasserquelle auf die Zirkulation im Nordmeer und im Nordatlantik in einem prognostischen Ozean-Meereis [Influence of Arctic Freshwater Sources on the Circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean and the North Atlantic in a Prognostic Ocean/Sea-Ice Model]. Polar Mar. Res. 2003; 468: 220.
  47. Proshutinsky A. , Bourke R. H. , McLaughlin F. A . The role of the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: seasonal to decadal climate scales. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002; 29: 2100.
  48. Proshutinsky A. , Krishfield R. , Timmermans M. , Toole J. M. , Carmack E. C. , co-authors . Beaufort Gyre freshwater reservoir: state and variability from observations. J. Geophys. Res. 2009; 114: 00A10.
  49. Proshutinsky A. Y. , Johnson M. A . Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1997; 102: 1249312514.
  50. Rabe B. , Dodd P. A. , Hansen E. , Falck E. , Schauer U. , co-authors . Liquid export of Arctic freshwater components through the Fram Strait 1998–2011. Ocean Sci. 2013; 9: 91109.
  51. Rabe B. , Karcher M. J. , Schauer U. , Toole J. M. , Krishfield R. A. , co-authors . An assessment of Arctic Ocean freshwater content changes from the 1990s to the 2006–2008 period. Deep Sea Res. I. Oceanogr. Res. Paper. 2011; 58: 173185.
  52. Rabe B. , Schauer U. , Mackensen A. , Karcher M. J. , Hansen E. , co-authors . Freshwater components and transports in the Fram Strait- recent observations and changes since the late 1990s. Ocean Sci. 2009; 5: 219233.
  53. Rudels B . Constraints on exchanges in the Arctic Mediterranean – do they exist and can they be of use?. Tellus A. 2010; 62: 109122.
  54. Rudels B. , Anderson L. G. , Jones E . Formation and evolution of the surface mixed layer and halocline of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1996; 101: 88078821.
  55. Rudels B. , Jones E. , Schauer U . Atlantic sources of the Arctic Ocean surface and halocline waters. Polar Res. 2004; 23: 181208.
  56. Rudels B. , Schauer U. , Björk G. , Korhonen M. , Pisarev S. , co-authors . Observations of water masses and circulation with focus on the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from the 1990s to the late 2000s. Ocean Sci. 2013; 9: 147169.
  57. Schlosser P. , Bauch D. , Fairbanks R. , Bönisch G . Arctic river-runoff: mean residence time on the shelves and in the halocline. Deep Sea Res. 1994; 41: 10531068.
  58. Semtner A. J . A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1976; 6: 379389.
  59. Serreze M. C. , Barrett A. P. , Slater A. G. , Woodgate R. A. , Aagaard K. , co-authors . The large-scale freshwater cycle of the Arctic. J. Geophys. Res. 2006; 111: 11010.
  60. Spall M. A . On the circulation of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2013; 43: 23522371.
  61. Spall M. A. , Pickart R. S. , Fratantoni P. S. , Plueddemann A. J . Western Arctic shelfbreak eddies: formation and transport. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2008; 38: 16441668.
  62. Steele M. , Boyd T . Retreat of the cold halocline layer in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1998; 103: 1041910435.
  63. Steele M. , Morison J. , Ermold W. , Rigor I. G. , Ortmeyer M. , co-authors . Circulation of summer Pacific halocline water in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2004; 109: 02027.
  64. Steele M. , Morison J. H. , Curtin T. B . Halocline water formation in the Barents Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 1995; 100: 881.
  65. Steele M. , Morley R. , Ermold W . PHC: a global ocean hydrography with a high-quality Arctic Ocean. J. Clim. 2001; 14: 20792087.
  66. Stevens D. P . The open boundary-condition in the United Kingdom fine-resolution Antarctic model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1991; 21: 14941499.
  67. Stigebrandt A . A model for the thickness and salinity of the upper layer in the Arctic Ocean and the relationship between the ice thickness and some external parameters. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1981; 11: 14071422.
  68. Walin G . A theoretical framework for the description of estuaries. Tellus. 1977; 29: 128136.
  69. Walin G . On the relation between sea-surface heat flow and thermal circulation in the ocean. Tellus. 1982; 34: 187195.
  70. Webb D. , Coward A. C. , deCuevas B. , Gwilliam C . A multiprocessor ocean general circulation model using message passing. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 1997; 14: 175183.
  71. Winsor P. , Björk G . Polynya activity in the Arctic Ocean from 1958 to 1997. J. Geophys. Res. 2000; 105: 87898803.
  72. Woodgate R. A. , Aagaard K. , Weingartner T. J . Monthly temperature, salinity, and transport variability of the Bering Strait through flow. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005; 32: L04601.
  73. Yamamoto-Kawai M. , McLaughlin F. A. , Carmack E. C. , Nishino S. , Shimada K . Freshwater budget of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, from salinity, δ18O, and nutrients. J. Geophys. Res. 2008; 113: C01007.
  74. Yamamoto-Kawai M. , Tanaka N. , Pivovarov S . Freshwater and brine behaviors in the Arctic Ocean deduced from historical data of delta O-18 and alkalinity (1929–2002 AD). J. Geophys. Res. 2005; 110: C10003.
  75. Yin J. , Stouffer R. J. , Spelman M. J. , Griffies S. M . Evaluating the uncertainty induced by the virtual salt flux assumption in climate simulations and future projections. J. Clim. 2010; 23: 8096.
  76. Zhang J. , Steele M . Effect of vertical mixing on the Atlantic water layer circulation in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 2007; 112: C04S04.
Language: English
Page range: 23988 - 23988
Submitted on: Feb 4, 2014
Accepted on: Jun 4, 2014
Published on: Dec 1, 2014
Published by: Stockholm University Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2014 Per Pemberton, Johan Nilsson, H. E. Markus Meier, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.