Fig. 1
(a) WRF model outermost (full, dx=27 km), and inner (solid black line, dx=9 km) domains. (b) Vertical model levels up to 5 km (log2 vertical scale). Solid red line marks the area of the two representative cross-sections. A – Cabo Mondego, B – Cabo Carvoeiro, C – Cabo Raso and D – Cabo São Vicente.
Fig. 2
Spatial daily error statistics: (a) bias, (b) MAPE and (c) correlation, for surface wind speed. WRF 10 m wind is compared with SEAwind data.
Table 1. Global error statistics of surface wind. WRF model results against Sea Winds dataset
Wind speed−0.471.3191.760.86u−0.31.371701.830.94v0.111.39721.860.94
Fig. 3
Vertical profiles of (a) wind speed, (b) temperature and (c) potential temperature for a case-study of CLLJ offshore the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula, at 38.36N; −9.60W for 19 August 2007 (21LT).
Fig. 4
Vertical cross section (illustrated in Fig. 1) of wind speed (m/s) and potential temperature (blue lines, K), for the CLLJ of 19 August 2007 (21LT).
Fig. 5
Horizontal slabs of (a) wind speed at the surface (10 m), (b) wind speed at the jet level, (c) surface pressure (hPa) and surface wind vectors, and (d) surface temperature (K) at 2 m, for the CLLJ of 19 August 2007 (21LT).
Fig. 6
Maps of seasonal hourly CLLJ frequency of occurrence (%), (a) DJF, (b) MAM, (c) JJA and (d) SON.
Fig. 7
CLLJ statistics for Summer (JJA): (a) jet height histogram (%), (b) jet wind speed histogram (%), (c) jet wind rose, (d) jet height-wind histogram (%), (e) east-west cross section (illustrated in Fig. 1) at 38.35°N, colours for mean wind speed (m/s) and isentropes (K), and (f) surface wind speed when jet occurs.
Fig. 8
(a) Diurnal cycle of hourly jet frequency of occurrence (%) function of height, and (b) function of mean wind speed (m/s), both when jet occurs.
Fig. 9
CLLJ statistics for the intermediate seasons: (a, b) jet height histogram (%), (c, d) jet wind speed histogram (%), (e, f) jet wind rose (%) and (g, h) jet height wind histogram (%). Seasons are: SON – September, October and November; and MAM – March, April and May.
Fig. 10
Maps of monthly mean frequency of CLLJ occurrence (%) for (a) March, (b) April, (c) May, (d) June, (e) July, (f) August, (g) September, (h) October and (i) November.
Fig. 11
Maps of frequency standard deviation of CLLJ occurrence (%) for (a) March, (b) April, (c) May, (d) June, (e) July, (f) August, (g) September, (h) October and (i) November.
Fig. 12
(a) Mean monthly frequency of occurrence (%) and (b) mean monthly wind speed (m/s), from March to November, both for three different geographical locations, for the 19 yr.