Fig. 1
Logical scheme to find existing intersections of contours from geological maps engaging data from the list of individual lakes.
Fig. 2
Geographical location of Region No. 2 from the list in the Appendix. Region in question is marked with black on the map.
Fig. 3
Lake depth histograms for Region No. 2 from the list in the Appendix, for individual lakes (upper row), and for lake pixels on the gridded map (lower row), with full statistics (left column), and with filtered statistics, for lakes with the surface area <200 km2 (right column).
Fig. 4
Geographical location of Region No. 130 from the list in the Appendix. Region in question is marked with black on the map.
Fig. 5
Lake depth histograms for Region No. 130 from the list in the Appendix, for individual lakes (upper row), and for lake pixels on the gridded map (lower row), with full statistics (left column), and with filtered statistics, for lakes with the surface area<200 km2 (right column).
Table 2. Lake mean depth, m, depending on lake area for different geographical zones
<1,01,934,673,905,491,0–5,03,144,834,025,675,0–10,04,964,055,485,9210,0–50,06,235,196,375,40>50,03,5010,356,216,37
Table 3. Equations for different geographical zones used in geographical method (F is the lake surface area, km2; h is the mean lake depth, m)
Tundrah=3.81·ln(F)+9.96(Kitaev, 1984)Northern taigah=4.22·e0.0112·F (Kitaev, 1984)Middle taigah=1.73·ln(F)+5.04GLDBv.1Mixed foresth=5.73·e0.0142·F GLDBv.1
Fig. 6
Fragments of the global gridded map of lake depth, m. (a) GLDBv.1; (b) GLDBv.2.
Fig. 7
Fragments of the global gridded map with coded information about origin of lake data (see legend in text, Section 5). (a) GLDBv.1; (b) GLDBv.2.
Fig. 8
Lake mean water temperature, °C, for the second decade of August, if the lake depth is extracted from GLDBv.2 (a), and the difference, if the lake depth from GLDBv.1 is used (b).
Fig. 9
Lake surface water temperature, °C, for the second decade of August, if the lake depth is extracted from: left GLDBv.2 (a), and the difference, if the lake depth from GLDBv.1 is used (b).
Fig. 10
Lake ice thickness, m, for the first decade of December, if the lake depth is extracted from GLDBv.2 (a) and the difference, sm, if the lake depth from GLDBv.1 is used (b).
No.Type of Quaternary deposits (QD), rocks (R) and permafrost (P). Geographical description of the region.hThe North American Tectonic Plate
The Cadomian and Caledonian Orogenies 1
1Fluvioglacial QD on igneous R, no P. Rather small region on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean (near New York City)72Glacial QD on igneous R, no P. Several rather small fragments in different parts of the island of Newfoundland and on the seashore between the Gulf of Maine and Providence City73Marine QD on igneous R, no P. Small region on the seashore of the Bay of Fundy (the Nova Scotia peninsula) and the Gulf of Maine74Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, consists of several fragments on the island of Newfoundland, the Nova Scotia peninsula and the New Brunswick peninsula105Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, consists of several fragments on the coastline and far from it, on the island of Newfoundland, the Nova Scotia peninsula and the New Brunswick peninsula106Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Rather small region, consists of several small fragments on the coast of the island of Newfoundland and the inland of the New Brunswick peninsula57Marine QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several fragments on the island of Anticosti in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the northern coast of the island of Newfoundland, north-eastern and southern coasts of the New Brunswick peninsula, northern and western coasts of the Nova Scotia peninsula108Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several rather small fragments on the coast of the island of Newfoundland, western and southern coasts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the inland of the New Brunswick peninsula (Montpelier City)10The Cadomian and Caledonian Orogenies 2
9Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Large area in the middle of North-East Siberia–1The fault 1, the eastern part of the Laurentian Upland
10Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P2211Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P22The fault 3, along the Sierra Nevada and the Gulf of California
12Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P1013Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P10The fault 4, along the Coast Mountains
14Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P5015Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P50The fault 2, the northern Great Plains
16Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P517Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P.5The Hercynian Orogeny
18Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several rather small fragments near New York City and on the coasts of the Ohio River1019Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Several fragments near Washington City, along the Alabama River, crossing the Savannah River (near the Atlantic coastal plain)1020Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Region in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the islands of Banks, Prince Patrick, Melville, Ellesmere, some are included fully, others partly2721Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Large fragments on the north of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (the island of Prince Patrick and the islands of Queen Elisabeth) and along the southern Appalachians till New York City10The volcanic plateau 1
22Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Several small fragments in the Cascade Range area along the 120°W longitude (40–50°N)1423Marine QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region on the island of Nunivak (Alaska) and the island of Vancouver–24Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several rather big fragments on the coast of Alaska, in the middle and southern parts of the American Cordillera27The Cimmerian and Alpine Orogenies
25Glacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Very big region, consists of several fragments with very peculiar shape, on the Oymyakon Highland, the Koryak Mountains and on the shore near it (Russia), on the northern part of the Chukchi Highland near the Chukchi Sea (Russia); on the seashore near Nome City, on the Brooks Range and the Mackenzie Mountains (Alaska)526Glacial QD on igneous R, no P. Several rather small fragments on the coast of the Alaska peninsula, the Alaska Range, and the Mackenzie Mountains5027Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments on the coast and inland of the Alaska peninsula, the Alaska Range, the Mackenzie Mountains and the northern part of the Rocky Mountains528Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Numerous small fragments on the Aleutian Islands, the Alaska peninsula, the Selwyn Mountains, the Coast Mountains, the Sierra Nevada and near Phoenix City5029Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Several big fragments in Alaska till the Mackenzie mountains, the Kamchatka peninsula, the Koryak Mountains, the Yukagir Plateau, the northern part of the CentralPlateau till the Dzhugdzhur Mountains–30Marine QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region on the island of Vancouver and near it3331Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Huge region, several big and small fragments on the Aleutian islands, the Alaska peninsula, the Alaska Range, the Alexander Archipelago, along the Rocky Mountains and on the coast of the Kamchatka peninsula27Sediments on the Mesozoic Craton
32Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather big region, fragments on the Lena River, the Yano-Indigirka Lowland, the Kolyma Lowland till the Yukagir Plateau, Ayon Island–Sediments on the Paleozoic Craton 1
33Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region along the coast of New York city till Philadelphia City534Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Several rather small fragments from Philadelphia City along the Appalachians1035Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Huge region from New York City along the Appalachians to the south-east and south till the Sacramento Mountains, the Gulf of Mexico10Sediments on the Paleozoic Craton 2
36Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Several rather big fragments near Barrow City and the Queen Elizabeth Islands–Sediments on the Precambrian Craton
37Glacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Several rather big fragments near the Mackenzie River, Banks Island and Victoria Island, the northern part of the Boothia peninsula, the northern part of Baffin Island, some parts of the Hudson Bay's coast–38Glacial QD on igneous R, no P. Two rather small fragments in State of Wisconsin near Lake Michigan, and in State of New York near the Hudson River and Lake Ontario1039Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several rather small fragments near Lakes Manitoba, Superior, Michigan, Huron340Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several big and small fragments in the Great Plains, along the Appalachians, State of Ontario, the Hudson Bay's coast541Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Several rather small fragments between the Rivers of Colorado and Rio Grande, along the Sangre de Cristo Range, between the Mississippi River and Lake Superior, coasts of the River Hudson1042Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather big region, several fragments near the Mackenzie River, Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes, south-western coast of the Hudson Bay, coasts of Southampton Island, parts of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago–43Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Huge region in the central part of USA and near Great Lakes5The Precambrian Shield
44Glacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Big region, several fragments in southern part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the Northwest Territories (to the east from Great Bear and Great Slave lakes) and Nunavut, north-eastern coasts of Quebec and Labrador–45Fluvioglacial QD on igneous R, no P. Rather small region between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan1046Glacial QD on igneous R, no P. Several rather small fragments on the Labrador peninsula, near the St. Lawrence River, around Lake Superior, the Athabasca River, between lakes Great Slave and Athabasca1047Marine QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather big region, several fragments on the southern coast of the Gulf of Amundsen, northern coasts of Foxe Basin, western coast of the Ungava Bay, western costs of Hudson Strait, western coast of the Hudson Bay–48Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments between lakes Superior and Michigan and the Mississippi River749Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments between the Rocky Mountains and the Hudson Bay, the centre and southern part of Quebec1050Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments on the Labrador peninsula, around Lake Superior1051Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Huge region, several rather big and small fragments in Greenland, east islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Victoria Island, Prince of Wales Island, the Boothia peninsula, near lakes Great Bear and Great Slave, northern coast of the Labrador peninsula–52Marine QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region on the eastern coast of the James Bay, some fragments on the western coast of the Hudson Bay, the St. Lawrence River1053Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments between Lake Winnipeg and the Hudson Bay, south-eastern coast of the Hudson Bay, southern and eastern coasts of the Labrador peninsula, along the St. Lawrence River10The Eurasian Tectonic Plate
The Cadomian and Caledonian Orogenies 1
54Glacial QD on igneous R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments on the north-west of Ireland, north-east of Scotland1055Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several rather small fragments in the Northern Ireland and Scotland, on the north of Scandinavia near North Cape356Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Several rather small fragments along Scandinavia, north-east of Scotland, north of Ireland2757Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments along Scandinavia, north of Ireland and Northern Ireland, Scotland, north of Wales and England14The Cadomian and Caledonian Orogenies 2
58Glacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Several small fragments near the Altai mountains, the Yenisey River, the Taymyr peninsula–59Terrigenous QD on igneous R, P. Rather big Region, several fragments along the Altai mountains, the Stanovoye Plateau, eastern and northern coasts of the Taymyr peninsula, northern coast of the Island of Oktyabr'skoy Revolyutsii1460Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Three small fragments on the east and south of the West Siberian Plain, the Altai mountains361Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments along 50° N and near the Sea of Japan1462Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments along 50–60° N near Lake Baikal763Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments in Mongolia, near the Sea of Japan5The fault 1 is situated in Scandinavia – approximately between Norway and Sweden
64Glacial QD on igneous R, no P.765Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P.1466Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P.767Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P.768Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P.7The fault 2 is situated near the Volga River and the Caspian Sea
69Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P.5The fault 3 is situated near the Tien Shan.
70Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P5071Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P10The Hercynian Orogeny 1
72Glacial QD on igneous R, no P. Tiny region between the rivers Elbe and Odra1073Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R without P. Three rather small fragments near London and near the Rhine River574Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several rather small fragments in southern parts of Ireland and Wales, near the Rhine River575Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Several rather small fragments near the rivers Rhine and Elbe, the southern coast of the English Channel, south-eastern part of Ireland1876Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments in southern parts of Ireland, Wales and England, in Spain, northern part of the Alps, Corsica, Sardinia, near the Sea of Azov14The Hercynian Orogeny 1
77Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Three rather big fragments on the Taymyr peninsula, the Altai Mountains, on south-western coast of the Kara Sea–78Glacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Two big fragments on south-western coast of the Kara Sea, the Taymyr peninsula–79Terrigenous QD on igneous R, P. Several rather small fragments along 50° N from the Altai mountains till Strait of Tartary, in the northern part of the Urals1880Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments in the western part of the West Siberian Plain, in the north-western part of the Altai Mountains381Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Numerous small fragments along the Urals, near the Tien Shan, the Mongolian Altai Mountains, the Sikhote-Alin, on the coast of the Sea of Japan382Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Several rather big fragments all over the Asia: Novaya Zemlya, the Urals, the Taymyr peninsula, along 50° N from the Altai Mountains till Strait of Tartary783Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several rather big fragments on the cost of the Sea of Azov, in the southern part of the Urals, along 40–50° N from the Tien Shan till Strait of Tartary5The intercontinental rift 1, along the line which connects the western part of the Alps with the western part of the North European Plain
84Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P.1485Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P.7The intercontinental rift 2, along Lake Baikal
86Terrigenous QD on igneous R, P.1087Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P.10The volcanic plateau 1
88Glacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Two rather small fragments in north-western and northern parts of the Central Siberian Plateau5089Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather big region in north-western part of the Central Siberian Plateau50The volcanic plateau 2. Rather small region on the north coast of Strait of Tartary
90Terrigenous QD on igneous R, P.391Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P.392Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P393Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P3The Cimmerian and Alpine Orogenies 1
94Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments in the Caucasus between the Black and Caspian seas1495Marine QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments on the western and eastern coasts of the Caspian Sea596Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments in the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Apennines, from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea, southern and eastern coasts of the Black Sea, the Caucasus22The Cimmerian and Alpine Orogenies 2
97Terrigenous QD on igneous R, P. Several rather small fragments in the Dzhugdzhur Mountains, the Sikhote-Alin398Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Several rather small fragments in the Sikhote-Alin, on the eastern coast of Honshu399Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather small region, several fragments near Chumikan City, the Turana Range, the Sikhote-Alin, the northern part of Sakhalin–100Marine QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments on Hokkaido7101Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments in the Sikhote-Alin, Sakhalin, Hokkaido, Honshu10Sediments on the Paleozoic Craton 1
102Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather big region, several fragments near the Pechora River, northern part of the Urals, the Ob River, near Salekhard City, in the middle of the West Siberian Plain, on the north of the Central Siberian Plateau–103Glacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Big region, several fragments along 65–75° N from the Kanin peninsula till the Taymyr peninsula–104Fluvioglacial QD on igneous R, no P. Small region, several fragments in the south-eastern part of the West Siberian Plain and near the Ishim River5105Glacial QD on igneous R, P. Rather small region near Salekhard City (the northern part of the Urals)70106Marine QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather small region, several fragments in the Kanin peninsular, Kolguyev Island, southern coast of the Pechora Sea, the Yamal peninsula, the Gydan peninsula, the Anabar Bay–107Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments in the Caucasus, between the Timan Ridge and the Urals, the southern part of the West Siberian Plain3108Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Several small fragments all along from the Caspian Sea till Strait of Tartary, along 40–60° N5109Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather big region, several fragments in the Kanin peninsula, Kolguyev Island, the Pechora River, between the rivers Angara and Yenisey, northern part of the West Siberian Plain–110Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several big fragments in the Turan Lowland, along and on the west of the Urals, between the Black and Caspian Seas, near the Amur River1Sediments on the Paleozoic Craton 2
111Glacial QD on igneous R, no P. Very small region near Berlin City – between the rivers Elbe and Odra10112Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments near London City, the rivers Rhine, Elbe, Odra, Vistula, Bornholm Island (the Baltic Sea), the Kuban River near the Black Sea33113Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Big region, several fragments in the northern part of England, near the rivers Rhine, Elbe, Odra, Vistula3114Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Two small fragments on the southern coast of the English Channel, near the Elbe River10115Marine QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments near London City, Amsterdam City and Rotterdam City – near the Rhine River1116Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments on the coast of Portugal, the Pyrenees, the Serrania de Cuenca, coast of England, France, near the rivers Rhine, Elbe, Odra, Vistula, south-western coast of the Adriatic Sea, near the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov5Sediments on the Precambrian Craton 1
117Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments on the Oland Island, near the rivers Vistula, Nyoman, Daugava, Dnieper, Volga, Don, near Solikamsk City3118Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments near the rivers Vistula, Nyoman, Daugava, Dnieper, near Lake Onega, the Timan Ridge, the Gotland Island and the Jutland peninsula3119Marine QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several small fragments in the Caspian Lowland, on the coasts of the Baltic and White Seas1120Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Big region, several fragments all along the territory between the Carpathians and the Urals, the Jutland peninsula, the Taklimakan Desert5Sediments on the Precambrian Craton 2
121Terrigenous QD on igneous R, P. Small region, several fragments all aver the Central Siberian Plateau, the Dzhugdzhur Mountains5122Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Big region situated on the Central Siberian Plateau, along the Lena River–123Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Several rather small fragments on the Central Siberian Plateau5The Precambrian Shield 2
124Glacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather small region on the Kola peninsula till North Cape7125Fluvioglacial QD on igneous R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments in lowlands of Sweden, the north-eastern coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, near Kiev City7126Glacial QD on igneous R, no P. Rather big region, several fragments all over Sweden, Finland, Russia near the border with Finland, near Kiev City7127Glacial QD on igneous R, P. Very small region, several fragments on the Cola peninsula7128Terrigenous QD on igneous R, P. Rather small region, several fragments on the north coast of the Cola peninsula7129Marine QD on igneous R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments on the eastern coast of the White Sea7130Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments on Finnish coasts of the Baltic Sea, coasts of the Gulf of Bothnia, near the Dnieper River7131Glacial QD on sedimentary R, no P. Big region, several fragments on the coasts of Sweden, between the Gulf of Bothnia and the White Sea7132Terrigenous QD on igneous R, no P. Several rather small fragments all over Sweden, on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, near lakes Ladoga and Onega, near Kiev City7133Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather small region, several fragments on the Cola peninsula7134Marine QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments on the western coast of the White Sea7135Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, no P. Rather small region, several fragments along southern and eastern coasts of Sweden, near the White Sea, near lakes Ladoga and Onega, Vanern and Vattern7Iceland2
136Fluvioglacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Two rather small fragments on the north-eastern and southern parts of Iceland5137Glacial QD on sedimentary R, P. Several fragments in the northern, eastern and southern parts of Iceland5138Fluvioglacial QD on igneous R, P. Rather small region, several fragments in the south-west of Iceland7139Glacial QD on igneous R, P. Rather small region, several fragments on the south-western and north-eastern coasts of Iceland7140Terrigenous QD on igneous R, P. Rather small fragments all over Iceland3141Terrigenous QD on sedimentary R, P. Rather small region, several fragments in the centre and on the coasts of Iceland5