The general circulation of the atmosphere and its effects on the movement of trace substances. Part 2

Reginald E. Newell; John M. Wallace; James R. Mahoney

doi:10.3402/tellusa.v18i2-3.9459

The general circulation of the atmosphere and its effects on the movement of trace substances. Part 2

Tellus

Volume 18 (1966): Issue 2-3

By: Reginald E. Newell, John M. Wallace and James R. Mahoney

Open Access

|Jan 1966

Abstract

The assumption is made that the large-scale mixing properties of the atmosphere are related to the time and spatial variances of the winds. Data on the time standard deviations is presented for levels from the surface to about 75 km based on balloon and rocket soundings. The monthly and year to year variations in the 15–30 km region and the average seasonal variation for the 30–75 km region are examined. An attempt to relate the time and space distributions of some radioactive and airglow tracers to the wind data is made.

References

BLAMONT , J. E. , and DONAHUE , T. M ., 1964 , Sodium dayglow: observation and interpretation of a large diurnal variation . J. Geophys. Res . , 69 , pp. 4093 – 4127 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
CHAMBERLAIN , J. W ., 1961 , Physics of the Aurora and Airglow. International Geophysics Series , Vol. 2 , Academic Press , New York .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
CHAPMAN , S ., 1939 , Notes on atmospheric sodium . Astrophysical J . , 90 , pp. 309 – 316 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
CHARNEY , J. G. , and DRAZIN , P. G ., 1961 , Propaga-tion of planetary-scale disturbances from the lower into the upper atmosphere. J. Geophy8 . Res . , 66 , pp. 83 – 109 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
CRUTCHER , HAROLD L ., 1961 , Meridional cross- sections, upper winds over the northern hemi-sphere. Technical Paper No. 41. U.S. Weather Bureau.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DAVIS , T. N. , and SMITH , L. L ., 1965 , Latitudinal and seasonal variations in the night airglow . J. Geophys. Res . , 70 , pp. 1127 – 1138 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DICKINSON , R. E ., 1962 , Momentum balance of the stratosphere during the IGY. Unpublished S.M. thesis, Dept. of Meteorology, M.I.T. Also in Final Report Studies of the Stratospheric General Circulation. Contract No. AF19(604)-5223, Pla-netary Circulations Project, Dept. of Meteorology, M.I.T., 132 – 167.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ELFORD , W. G ., 1964 , Seasonal and diurnal varia-tions in winds at 90 km. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the A.G.U. , Washington, April 21-24,1964.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
FEELY , H. W ., et at., 1963, Ninth Quarterly Report on PROJECT STAR DUST. DASA 1309.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
FRIEND , J. P. , FEELY , H. W. , FISHER , E. L. , and DAVIDSON , B ., 1962 , Project Star Dust Third Quarterly Rept . and subsequent repts. in series. DASA 1303 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
GADSDEN , M ., 1964 , On the twilight sodium emis-sion. 1: Observations from a southern hemisphere station . Annales de Geophysigue , 20 , pp. 261 – 271 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
GADSDEN , M ., 1964 , On the twilight sodium emis-sion. 2: A theoretical model of sodium abundance . Annales de Geophysigue , 20 , pp. 383 – 396 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
GILMAN , P. A ., 1964 , On the mean meridional circulation in the presence of a steady state, symmetric, circumpolar vortex . Te//u 8 , 16 , pp. 160 – 167 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
GREENHOW , J. S. , and NEUFELD , E. L ., 1961 , Winds in the upper atmosphere . Quart. J. Royal Meteor. Soc . , 87 , pp. 472 – 489 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
HERNANDEZ , G. J ., 1965 , Data previous to the International Geophysical Year I: 5577 (01) line at Sacramento Peak, New Mexico . Research Report. AFCRL- 65 – 319 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
HERNANDEZ , G. J. , and SILVERMAN , S. M ., 1963 , A reexamination of Lord Rayleigh's data on the Airglow 5577 A(01) Emission . Research Report AFCRL- 63 – 835 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
HINES , C. O ., 1963 , The upper atmosphere in motion . Quart. J. Royal Meteor. Soc . , 89 , pp. 1 – 42 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
HUNTEN , D. M ., 1964 , Metallic emissions from the upper atmosphere . Science , 145 , pp. 26 – 31 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
JOHNSON , W. F ., 1964 , Relations between the air-glow and the mesospheric circulation . S.M. thesis , Dept. of Meteorology , M.I.T .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
JUNGE , C. E. , et al., 1962 , On the origin of the sodium present in the upper atmosphere . J. Geo-phys. Res . , 67 , pp. 1027 – 1039 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
JUNGE , C. E ., 1963 , Air Chemistry and Radioactivity. International Geophysics Series , Vol. 4 , Academic Press , N.Y .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
KALKSTEIN , M. I ., 1962 , Rhodium-102 high-altitude trace experiment . Science , 187 , pp. 1 – 8 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
KAO , S.-K ., 1962 , Large-scale turbulent diffusion in a rotating fluid with applications to the atmosphere . J. Geophys. Res . , 67 , pp. 2347 – 2359 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
KOCHANSKI , A ., 1964 , Atmospheric motions from sodium cloud drifts . J. Geophys. Res . , 69 , pp. 3651 – 3662 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
KRASSOVSKY , V. I ., 1963 , Hydroxyl emission in the upper atmosphere. Plan . Space Sci . , 10 , pp. 7 – 17 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
LIST , R.J. , SALTER , L. P. , and TELEGADAS , K ., 1966 , Radioactive debris as a tracer for investigating stratospheric motions . Paper presented at Visby CACR meeting and submitted to Tellus 339 – 348 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
MIERS , B. T ., 1965 , Wind oscillations between 30 and 60 km over White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. J. Atmos. Sci . , 22 , pp. 382 – 387 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEWELL , R. E ., 1963a , Preliminary study of quasi-horizontal eddy fluxes from Meteorological Rocket Network data. J. Atmos. Sci . , 20 , pp. 213 – 225 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEWELL , R. E ., 1963b , The general circulation of the atmosphere and its effects on the movement of trace substances . J. Geophys. Res . , 68 , pp. 3949 – 3962 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEWELL , R. E ., 1964a , The circulation of the upper atmosphere . Scientific American , 210 , pp. 62 – 74 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEWELL , R. E ., 1964b , Stratospheric energetics and mass transport . Pure and Applied Geophysics , 58 , pp. 145 – 156 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEWELL , R. E ., 1964c , Further ozone transport calculations and the spring maximum in ozone amount . Pure and Applied Geophysics , 59 , pp. 191 – 206 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEWELL , R. E ., 1965 a, A review of studies of eddy fluxes in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Report No. 12, Planetary Circulations Project, Depart-ment of Meteorology, M.I.T., Contract No. AT(30-1)2241.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEWELL , R. E ., 1965 b, The energy and momentum budget of the atmosphere above the tropopause. Paper presented to the Sixty International Space Science Symposium, Mar del Plata, Argentina, May 17, 1965. (Proceedings to be published.)
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEWELL , R. E. , MAHONEY , J. R. , and LENHARD , R. W. , JR ., 1966 , A pilot study of small scale wind variations in the stratosphere and meso-sphere . Quart. J. Royal Meteor. Soc . , 92 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NEWELL , R. E. , and MILLER , A. J ., 1964 , Some aspects of the general circulation of the lower stratosphere. Proceedings of the Second AEC Conference on radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests, November 3-6, 1964, United States Atomic Energy Commission, Symposium series 5, pp. 392 – 404.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
NORDBERG , W ., et at., 1965, Rocket observations of the structure and dynamics of the mesosphere during the quiet sun period. Goddard Space Flight Center, Breenbelt, Maryland, X-651-65-154. Paper presented at Mar del Plata, Argentina Sixth COSPAR Meeting (to be published).
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
OORT , A. H ., 1963 , On the energy cycle in the lower stratosphere . Rept. No. 9 , Dept. of Meteorology , M.I.T .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
OORT , A. H ., 1965 , The climatology of the lower stratosphere during the IGY and its implications for the regime of circulation . Archiv fur Meteoro-logie, Geophysik und Bioklirnatologie , 14 , pp. 243 – 278 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
PALMEN , E. , and VUORELA , L. A ., 1963 , On the mean meridional circulations in the northern hemisphere during the winter season . Quart. J. Royal Meteor. Soc . , 89 , pp. 131 – 138 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
PENG , L ., 1965 , Stratospheric wind temperature and isobaric height conditions during the IGY period. Part III, Report No. 15, Planetary Cir-culations Project, Dept. of Meteorology, M.I.T., Contract No. AT(30-1)2241.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
PRABHAKARA , C ., 1963 , Effects of non-photoche-mical processes on the meridional distribution and total amount of ozone in the atmosphere . Monthly Weather Review , 91 , pp. 411 – 431 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
REED , R. J. , and GERMAN , K. E ., 1965 , A contribution to the problem of stratospheric diffusion by large-scale mixing . Monthly Weather Review , 93 , pp. 313 – 321 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ROPER , R. G. and ELFORD , W. G ., 1963 , Seasonal variation of turbulence in the upper atmosphere . Nature , 197 , pp. 963 – 964 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
SALTER , L. P ., 1965 , The early stratospheric distri-bution of debris from a SNAP-9A abort. HASL-158, 310-315, April 1, 1965.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
SHEPPARD , P. A ., 1963 , Atmospheric tracers and the study of the general circulation of the atmos-phere . Rep. on Frog. in Phys . , 26 , pp. 213 – 267 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
SMITH , L. B ., 1960 a, Monthly observations of winds between 100,000 and 300,000 ft. Research Rapt. SC-4482 (RR). Sandia Corp.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
SMITH , L. B ., 1960 6, The measurement of winds between 100,000 and 300,000 ft. by use of Chaff rockets. J. Meteor. , 17, pp. 296 – 310.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
SULLIVAN , H. M. , and HUNTEN , D. M ., 1964 , Li-thium, sodium, potassium in the twilight airglow . Canadian J. Phys . , 42 , pp. 1325 – 1335 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
SUNDSTROM , A ., 1964 , Stratospheric transports as deduced from tracers. FOA 4 Rpt. A 4377-4557. Inst. of Meteor. Univ. of Stockholm.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
TELEGADAS , K. , and LIST , R. J ., 1964 , Global history of the 1958 nuclear debris and its meteoro-logical implications . J. Geophys. Res . , 69 , pp. 4741 – 4753 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
TOHMATSU , T. , and NAGATA , T ., 1963 , Dynamical studies of the oxygen green line in the airglow. Plan . Space Sci ., 10 , pp. 103 – 116 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
VALLENCE-JONES , A ., 1963 , Metallic emissions in the twilight and their bearing on atmospheric dynamics. Plan . Space Sci ., 10 , pp. 117 – 127 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
WALLACE , J. M. , and NEWELL , R. E ., 1965 , Eddy fluxes and the biennial oscillation in the strato-sphere. Rept. No. 14, Planetary Circulation Pro-ject, Dept. of Meteorology, M.I.T., Contract No. AT(30-1)2241.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
WEBB , W. L ., 1964 , Stratospheric solar response. J. Atmos. Sci . , 21 , pp. 582 – 591 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
WEBB , W. L ., 1965 , “Scale of Stratosphere Detail Structure”. Space Research V. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 997 – 1007.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
YAO , I. G ., 1962 , Observations of the night airglow . Annals of the JOY , 24 .
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v18i2-3.9459 | Journal eISSN: 3035-9554

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 363 - 380

Submitted on: Oct 5, 1965

Published on: Jan 1, 1966

Published by: Stockholm University Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 1966 Reginald E. Newell, John M. Wallace, James R. Mahoney, published by Stockholm University Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 18 (1966): Issue 2-3