References
- Akash MSH, Rehman K, Fiayyaz F, Sabir S, Khurshid M. 2020. Diabetes-associated infections: development of antimicrobial resistance and possible treatment strategies. Arch Microbiol. 202(4):953–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01863-6
- Ashraf Z, Rasool MH, Aslam B, Ejaz H, Mujahid F, Khurshid M. 2025. Dynamics of urinary tract infections: a comprehensive study on antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence profiling and molecular epidemiology of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Pakistan. Mol Biol Rep. 52:694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-09364-7
- Baldiris-Avila R, Montes-Robledo A, Buelvas-Montes Y. 2020. Phylogenetic classification, biofilm-forming capacity, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Curr Microbiol. 77(11):3361–3369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02163-7
- Bean DC, Livermore DM, Papa I, Hall LM. 2005. Resistance among Escherichia coli to sulphonamides and other antimicrobials now little used in man. J Antimicrob Chemother. 56(5):962–964. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki349
- Bilal H, Khan MN, Rehman T, Hameed MF, Yang X. 2021. Antibiotic resistance in Pakistan: a systematic review of past decade. BMC Infect Dis. 21:244. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05914-0
- van Boxtel R, Wattel AA, Arenas J, Goessens WHF, Tommassen J. 2017. Acquisition of carbapenem resistance by plasmid-encoded AmpC-expressing Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 61(10):e01413-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01413-17
- Boyd SE, Holmes A, Peck R, Livermore DM, Hope W. 2022. OXA-48-like β-lactamases: global epidemiology, treatment options, and development pipeline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 66(3):e00216-22. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00216-22
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI): national healthcare safety network (NHSN) patient safety component manual. Atlanta (GA): CDC.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI): national healthcare safety network (NHSN) patient safety component manual. Atlanta (GA): CDC.
- American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2024. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes—2025. Diabetes Care. 48(Suppl 1):S27-S49. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-S002
- Darwitz BP, Genito CJ, Thurlow LR. 2024. Triple threat: how diabetes results in worsened bacterial infections. Infect Immun. 92(2):e00509-23. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00509-23
- Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ. 2015. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol. 13(5):269–284. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3432
- Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, Colgan R, Geerlings SE, Rice JC, Saint S, Schaeffer AJ, Tambayh PA, Tenke P. 2010. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 international clinical practice guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 50(5):625–663. https://doi.org/10.1086/650482
- Kaur R, Kaur R. 2021. Symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections. Postgrad Med J. 97(1154):803–812. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139090
- Kırmusaoğlu S. 2019. Antimicrobial resistance and antibiofilm strategies. In: Antimicrobials, antibiotic resistance, antibiofilm strategies and activity methods. London: IntechOpen. p. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84433
- Kumarasamy KK, Toleman MA, Walsh TR, Bagaria J, Butt F, Balakrishnan R, Chaudhary U, Doumith M, Giske CG, Irfan S. 2010. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 10(9):597–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-2
- Latthe PM, Latthe AM. 2024. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: a review. Wadia J Women Child Health. 3:79–82.
- Letica-Kriegel AS, Salmasian H, Vawdrey DK, Youngerman BE, Green RA, Furuya EY, Calfee DP, Perotte R. 2019. Identifying the risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections: a large cross-sectional study of six hospitals. BMJ Open. 9:e022137. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022137
- Mohamed EH, Zaki MES, Ramadan MA, Motawea MM, Badr DF, El Sayed AGA, Hamed MEA. 2024. Study of biofilm, virulence genes, and risk factors in urinary catheter-associated Escherichia coli infections. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 17:e142587. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm-142587
- Mujahid F, Rasool MH, Shafiq M, Aslam B, Khurshid M. 2024. Emergence of carbapenem-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli (ST405 and ST167) strains carrying blaCTX-M-15, blaNDM-5 and diverse virulence factors in hospitalized patients. Pathogens. 13(11):964. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13110964
- Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad MS, Sameer W. 2020. Detection of aminoglycosides resistance among strains of Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infection. South Asian Res J Appl Med Sci. 2(3):62–65.
- Papp SB, Zimmern PE. 2023. Recurrent urinary tract infections and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review predominantly in women. Front Urol. 3:1275334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fruro.2023.1275334
- Poirel L, Madec JY, Lupo A, Schink AK, Kieffer N, Nordmann P, Schwarz S. 2018. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr. 6(4):ARBA-0026-2017. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2017
- Ramírez-Castillo FY, Guerrero-Barrera AL, Harel J, Avelar-González FJ, Vogeleer P, Arreola-Guerra JM, González-Gámez M. 2023. Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections from Aguascalientes, Mexico. Microorganisms. 11(12):2858. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11122858
- Ricardo SI, Anjos II, Monge N, Faustino CM, Ribeiro IA. 2020. A glance at antimicrobial strategies to prevent catheter-associated medical infections. ACS Infect Dis. 6(12):3109–3130. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00377
- Saint S, Greene MT, Krein SL, Rogers MAM, Ratz D, Fowler KE, Edson BS, Watson SR, Meyer-Lucas B, Masuga M. 2016. A program to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in acute care. N Engl J Med. 374(22):2111–2119. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504906
- Shahsavari S, Bakht M, Sadeghi H, Rahimi S, Movahed F, Chegini V, Gholamzadeh Khoei S. 2024. Effect of diabetes mellitus on the spectrum of uropathogens and the antimicrobial resistance in patients with urinary tract infection. Arch Razi Inst. 79(1):92–101. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2023.361083.2553
- Tambyah PA, Maki DG. 2000. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is rarely symptomatic: a prospective study of 1497 catheterized patients. Arch Intern Med. 160(5):678–682. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.5.678
- Tankeshwar A. 2023. Urine sample collection and processing for the diagnosis of UTI. Microbe Online. Available from: https://microbeonline.com/specimen-collection-diagnosis-urinary-tract-infection/
- CDC NHSN. 2022. Urinary tract infection (catheter-associated urinary tract infection [CAUTI] and non-catheter-associated urinary tract infection [UTI]) events definitions. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Ventola CL. 2015. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharm Ther. 40(4):277–283.