Table I
Demographic characteristics of study participants.
| Variable | Category | Number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | male | 35 | 35 |
| female | 65 | 65 | |
| Age group (years) | ≤40 | 5 | 5 |
| 41–59 | 41 | 41 | |
| ≥60 | 54 | 54 | |
| Denture wearing duration (months) | <6 | 27 | 27 |
| >6 | 73 | 73 | |
| Smoking status | yes | 7 | 7 |
| no | 93 | 93 | |
| Diabetic | yes | 31 | 31 |
| no | 69 | 69 |
Fig. 1.
Comparison of denture bases shows a clean denture without visible biofilm (A: lower jaw) and biofilm on a denture from a patient with poor dental care habits and prolonged denture use (B: upper jaw).
Table II
Frequency of Candida species on the surface of complete dentures used by patients.
| Candida Species | Patient number | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Candida albicans | 23 | 46 |
| Kluyveromyces marxianus | 4 | 8 |
| Candida tropicalis | 4 | 8 |
| Nakaseomyces glabratus | 3 | 6 |
| Meyerozyma. guilliermondii | 2 | 4 |
| Pichia kudriavzevii | 1 | 2 |
| Candida dubliniensis | 1 | 2 |
| Pichia ethanolica | 1 | 2 |
| C. albicans and N. glabratus | 3 | 6 |
| C. albicans and K. marxianus | 1 | 2 |
| C. albicans and C. dubliniensis | 1 | 2 |
| C. albicans and C. tropicalis | 1 | 2 |
| C. albicans and P. ethanolica | 1 | 2 |
| C. albicans and C. parapsilosis | 1 | 2 |
| C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis | 1 | 2 |
| C. tropicalis and N. glabratus | 1 | 2 |
| C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and M. guilliermondii | 1 | 2 |
| Total | 50 | 100 |
Fig. 2.
PCR-based identification of yeast isolates using ITS primers. From left: the DNA ladder (100 bp), negative control (NC), Candida albicans (532 bp), Kluyveromyces marxianus (722 bp), Candida tropicalis (521 bp), Meyerozyma guilliermondii (600 bp), Candida dubliniensis (540 bp), Nakaseomyces glabratus (874 bp), Pichia ethanolica (~450 bp), Candida parapsilosis (516 bp), and Pichia kudriavzevii (500 bp).
Table III
Identification of Candida species isolated from the surface of complete dentures using PCR with ITS1-ITS4 primers.
| Candida species | Color on HiCrome agar | Fragment size (bp) |
|---|---|---|
| Candida albicans | light green | 532 |
| Kluyveromyces marxianus | light pink | 722 |
| Candida tropicalis | blue | 521 |
| Nakaseomyces glabratus | cream to white | 874 |
| Meyerozyma. guilliermondii | mauve | 600 |
| Pichia kudriavzevii | purple, fuzzy | 500 |
| Candida dubliniensis | pale green | 540 |
| Pichia ethanolica | pink | ~ 450 |
| Candida. parapsilosis | cream to white | 516 |
Fig. 3.
Phylogenetic analyses of isolated yeast species using the Neighbor-Joining Method in MEGA11 software.