References
- Ahmad SS, Abid L, Khalid A. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria associated with upper respiratory tract infections in North and South Waziristan, Pakistan. J Health Rehabil Res. 2024;4(3):1–5. https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i3.1582
- Akram S, Khan MA, Khan SA, Shah HBU. Group A beta hemolytic streptococcal carriage and antibiotic sensitivity among school going children in Mardan, Pakistan. J Postgrad Med Inst. 2021;35(1):36–39. https://doi.org/10.54079/jpmi.35.1.2694
- Arêas GP, Schuab RB, Neves FP, Barros RR. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, emm type distribution and genetic diversity of Streptococcus pyogenes recovered in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2014 Nov;109(7):935–939. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276140231
- Assafi MS. Frequency and antibiogram of Streptococcus spp isolated from different specimens: Three years of study. Cell Mol Biol. 2023 Apr;69(4):24–30. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2023.69.4.4
- Berwal A, Chawla K, Shetty S, Gupta A. Trend of antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from respiratory tract infections in tertiary care hospital in south Karnataka. Iran J Microbiol. 2019 Feb;11(1):13–18.
- Bilal H, Khan MN, Rehman T, Hameed MF, Yang X. Antibiotic resistance in Pakistan: A systematic review of past decade. BMC Infect Dis. 2021 Mar;21(1):244. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05906-1
- Birrie E, Sisay E, Tibebu NS, Tefera BD, Zeleke M, Tefera Z. Neonatal sepsis and associated factors among newborns in Woldia and Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, North-East Ethiopia, 2021. Infect Drug Resist. 2022 Aug;15:4169–4179. https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s374835
- Bonomo C, Mannino E, Bongiorno D, Vocale C, Amicucci A, Bivona D, Guariglia D, Nicitra E, Privitera GF, Sangiorgio G, et al. Molecular and clinical characterization of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates: Insights from two Northern-Italy Centers. Pathogens. 2025 Feb;14(2):152. https://doi.org/10.3390/patho-gens14020152
- Camara M, Dieng A, Boye CS. Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from respiratory tract infections in Dakar, Senegal. Microbiol Insights. 2013 Oct;6:71–75. https://doi.org/10.4137/mbi.s12996
- CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 33rd ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne (USA): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2023.
- Cohen-Poradosu R, Kasper DL. Group A Streptococcus epidemiology and vaccine implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct;45(7):863–865. https://doi.org/10.1086/521263
- Cortés-Penfield N, Ryder JH. Should linezolid replace clindamycin as the adjunctive antimicrobial of choice in group a streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infection and toxic shock syndrome? A focused debate. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 13;76(2):346-350. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac720
- Creti R, Imperi M, Baldassarri L, Pataracchia M, Recchia S, Alfarone G, Orefici G. emm Types, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from Italy: What has changed in 11 years? J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jul;45(7):2249–2256. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00513-07
- Donders G, Greenhouse P, Donders F, Engel U, Paavonen J, Mendling W. Genital tract GAS infection ISIDOG guidelines. J Clin Med. 2021 May;10(9):2043. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10092043
- Fleischmann-Struzek C, Goldfarb DM, Schlattmann P, Schlap-bach LJ, Reinhart K, Kissoon N. The global burden of paediatric and neonatal sepsis: A systematic review. Lancet Respir Med. 2018 Mar;6(3):223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30063-8
- Frost HR, Davies MR, Velusamy S, Delforge V, Erhart A, Darboe S, Steer A, Walker MJ, Beall B, Botteaux A, et al. Updated emm-typing protocol for Streptococcus pyogenes. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Jul;26(7):946.e5–946.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.026
- Gashaw Y, Getaneh A, Kasew D, Tigabie M, Gelaw B. Streptococcus pyogenes carriage rate, associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among urban and rural schoolchildren at Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep. 2025 Jan;15(1):2057. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82009-2
- Gebre AB, Fenta DA, Negash AA, Hayile BJ. Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated factors of Streptococcus pyogenes among pediatric patients with acute pharyngitis in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol. 2024 Sep;2024:9282571. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9282571
- Gergova R, Boyanov V, Muhtarova A, Alexandrova A. A review of the impact of streptococcal infections and antimicrobial resistance on human health. Antibiotics. 2024 Apr;13(4):360. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040360
- Haggar A, Nerlich A, Kumar R, Abraham VJ, Brahmadathan KN, Ray P, Dhanda V, Joshua JM, Mehra N, Bergmann R, et al. Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections in north and south India. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 May;50(5):1626–1631. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.06697-11
- Hall JN, Armitage EP, Senghore E, Darboe S, Barry M, Camara J, Bah S, Keeley AJ, McCarthy JS, Smeesters P, et al. Molecular methods enhance the detection of pyoderma-related Streptococcus pyogenes and emm-type distribution in children. J Infect Dis. 2025 Feb;231(1):e28–e37. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae359
- Hariri SHM, Ibrahim NR, Noraida R, Ismail AA, Anani Aila MZ, Hajissa K, Zeehaida M. Group A Streptococcus puerperal sepsis with invasive neonatal infection: A fatal case. Med J Malaysia. 2021 Sep;76(5):731–733.
- Harris K, Proctor LK, Shinar S, Philippopoulos E, Yudin MH, Murphy KE. Outcomes and management of pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcal infections: A systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023 Feb;102(2):138–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.14500
- Hassan IA, Onon TS, Weston D, Isalska B, Wall K, Afshar B, Efst-ratiou A. A quantitative descriptive study of the prevalence of carriage (colonisation) of haemolytic streptococci groups A, B, C and G in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;31(3):207–209. https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2010.541570
- Hazelhorst EI, van Ewijk CE, Wielders CCH, Te Wierik MJM, Hahné SJM, de Melker HE, Knol MJ, de Gier B. Risk factors for invasive group A streptococcal infection in children aged 6 months to 5 years: A case-control study, the Netherlands, February-May 2023. Epidemiol Infect. 2025 Mar 27;153:e57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268825000275
- Cooper JD, Cooper SR, Wolk DM, Tice AM, Persing TF, Esolen LM. Postpartum Streptococcus pyogenes outbreak in the labor and delivery unit of a quaternary referral center: A case series and review of the literature. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 2017 Jan;39(2):11–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2016.12.003
- Khademi F, Vaez H, Sahebkar A, Taheri RA. Group A Streptococcus antibiotic resistance in Iranian children: A meta-analysis. Oman Med J. 2021 Jan;36(1):e222. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2020.79
- Khan RMA, Anwar S, Pirzada ZA. Streptococcus pyogenes strains associated with invasive and non-invasive infections present possible links with emm types and superantigens. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2020 Jan;23(1):133–139. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJBMS.2019.38635.9164
- Khandekar A, Dangre-Mudey G. Tackling rheumatic heart disease: Prevalence and antibiogram of Streptococcus pyogenes in cases of paediatric pharyngitis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2019;13(2):11–13. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2019/38486.12626
- Koutouzi F, Tsakris A, Chatzichristou P, Koutouzis E, Daikos GL, Kirikou E, Petropoulou N, Syriopoulou V, Michos A. Streptococcus pyogenes emm types and clusters during a 7-year period (2007 to 2013) in pharyngeal and nonpharyngeal pediatric isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Jul;53(7):2015–2021. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00301-15
- Leclercq R, Courvalin P. Bacterial resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin antibiotics by target modification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Jul;35(7):1267–1272. https://doi. org/10.1128/AAC.35.7.1267
- Leonard A, Wright A, Saavedra-Campos M, Lamagni T, Cordery R, Nicholls M, Domoney C, Sriskandan S, Balasegaram S. Severe group A streptococcal infections in mothers and their newborns in London and the South East, 2010–2016: assessment of risk and audit of public health management. BJOG. 2019 Jan;126(1):44-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15415
- Li Y, Lyu Y, Xue F, Zheng B, Zhang X, Hu Y, Jin Y, Hu Z, Zhao J, Pan S, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-positive organisms: Results from China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Trial Program, 2013–2014. Chin J Lab Med. 2016;39:120–129. https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1009-9158.2016.02.010
- Li Y, Rivers J, Mathis S, Li Z, McGee L, Chochua S, Metcalf BJ, Fleming-Dutra KE, Nanduri SA, Beall B. Continued increase of erythromycin nonsusceptibility and clindamycin nonsusceptibility among invasive group A streptococci driven by genomic clusters, United States, 2018–2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Feb;76(3):e1266–e1269. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac468
- Imöhl M, Reinert RR, Ocklenburg C, van der Linden M. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes disease in Germany during 2003–2007. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2010 Apr;58(3):389–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00652.x
- Meletis G, Soulopoulos Ketikidis AL, Floropoulou N, Tychala A, Kagkalou G, Vasilaki O, Mantzana P, Skoura L, Protonotariou E. Antimicrobial resistance rates of Streptococcus pyogenes in a Greek tertiary care hospital: 6-year data and literature review. New Microbiol. 2023 Feb;46(1):37–42.
- Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Feb;16(3):1215. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/16.3.1215
- Musser JM, Beres SB, Zhu L, Olsen RJ, Vuopio J, Hyyryläinen HL, Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela K, Kristinsson KG, Darenberg J, Henriques-Normark B, et al. Reduced in vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes to β-lactam antibiotics associated with mutations in the pbp2x gene is geographically widespread. J Clin Microbiol. 2020 Mar;58(4):e01993-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01993-19
- Naing L, Winn T, Rusli BN. Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Arch Orofacial Sci. 2006. 2006;1:9–14.
- Ünübol N, Caglayan N, Cebeci S, Beşli Y, Sancak B, Uyar NY, Ahrabi SS, Alebouyeh M, Kocagöz T. Antimicrobial resistance and epidemiological patterns of Streptococcus pyogenes in Tür-kiye. J Infect Public Health. 2025 Feb;18(2):102633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102633
- Ramírez de Arellano E, Saavedra-Lozano J, Villalón P, Jové-Blanco A, Grandioso D, Sotelo J, Gamell A, González-López JJ, Cervantes E, Gónzalez MJ et al; Spanish PedGAS-Net/CIBER-INFEC GAS Study Group. Clinical, microbiological, and molecular characterization of pediatric invasive infections by Streptococcus pyogenes in Spain in a context of global outbreak. mSphere. 2024 Mar;9(3):e0072923. https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00729-23
- Rizwan M, Bakht J, Bacha N, Ahmad B. In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from different regions of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Pakistan. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016 Jan;29(1):59–64.
- Sakata H. Susceptibility and emm type of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from children with severe infection. J Infect Chemother. 2013 Dec;19(6):1042–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-013-0617-6
- Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller AB, Daniels J, Gül-mezoglu AM, Temmerman M, Alkema L. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Jun;2(6):e323-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70227-X
- Shah NM, Charani E, Ming D, Cheah FC, Johnson MR. Antimicrobial stewardship and targeted therapies in the changing landscape of maternal sepsis. J Intensive Med. 2023 Sep;4(1):46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jointm.2023.07.006
- Sherwood E, Vergnano S, Kakuchi I, Bruce MG, Chaurasia S, David S, Dramowski A, Georges S, Guy R, Lamagni T, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal disease in pregnant women and young children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jul;22(7):1076–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00672-1
- Sokou R, Filippatos F, Daniil V, Bikouli ED, Tsantes AG, Pio-vani D, Bonovas S, Iliodromiti Z, Boutsikou T, Tsantes AE, et al. Group A Streptococcus infection in neonatal population: A systematic review of the literature. J Clin Med. 2023 Nov;12(22):6974. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12226974
- Song M, Huang X, Hou Y, Yang F, Li X, Li J. Perinatal group A streptococcal infection in vagina and its impact on pregnancy outcomes. Am J Transl Res. 2024 May 15;16(5):1806–1814. https://doi.org/10.62347/ZKIE2772
- Vannice KS, Ricaldi J, Nanduri S, Fang FC, Lynch JB, Bryson-Cahn C, Wright T, Duchin J, Kay M, Chochua S, et al. Streptococcus pyogenes pbp2x mutation confers reduced susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jun;71(1):201–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1000
- Villalón P, Bárcena M, Medina-Pascual MJ, Garrido N, Pino-Rosa S, Carrasco G, Valdezate S. National surveillance of tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin resistance in invasive Streptococcus pyogenes: A retrospective study of the situation in Spain, 2007–2020. Antibiotics. 2023 Jan;12(1):99. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010099
- Weerasekara M, Vidanapathirana G, Li C, Tennegedara A, Dis-sanayake R, Ekanayake A, Abeykoon M, Kothalawala M, Li-yanapathirana V, Ip M. Characterization of group A streptococci causing invasive diseases in Sri Lanka. Access Microbiol. 2024 Jun;6(6):000697.v4. https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.0.000697.v4
- Wynn JL, Wong HR. Pathophysiology and treatment of septic shock in neonates. Clin Perinatol. 2010;37(2):439–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2010.04.002
- Xiang C, Zhang J, Zhao F, You Y. Emm type distribution of group A Streptococcus in China during 1990 and 2020: A systematic review and implications for vaccine coverage. Front Public Health. 2023 May;11:1157289. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1157289
- Yu D, Liang Y, Lu Q, Meng Q, Wang W, Huang L, Bao Y, Zhao R, Chen Y, Zheng Y, et al. Molecular characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from Chinese children with different diseases. Front Microbiol. 2021 Dec;12:722225. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.722225
- Zachariadou L, Stathi A, Tassios PT, Pangalis A, Legakis NJ, Pa-paparaskevas J; Hellenic Strep-Euro Study Group. Differences in epidemiology between paediatric and adult invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections. Epidemiol Infect. 2014 Mar;142(3):512–519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268813001386
- Zafar A, Hasan R, Nizamuddin S, Mahmood N, Mukhtar S, Ali F, Morrissey I, Barker K, Torumkuney D. Antibiotic susceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pyogenes in Pakistan: A review of results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2002–15. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 May;71(Suppl_1):i103-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw076
- Zafar M, Ullah I, Tirmizi S, Yousuf M, Anwar Z, Raza H. Prevalence of group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus related pharyngitis in Pakistan. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2022;16(07):334. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22167334