Table I
Comparison of general data between the two groups of patients.
| Project | IPA group (n = 43) | H group (n = 31) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic information | |||
| Sex (Male) [n (%)] | 32 (74.4) | 18 (58.1) | p>0.05 |
| Age (years) (IQR) | 73 (67 ~ 77) | 63 (54 ~ 82) | p>0.05 |
| Underline illness [n (%)] | |||
| Diabetes | 2 (4.7) | 1 (3.2) | p>0.05 |
| Hypertension | 11 (25.6) | 3 (9.7) | p>0.05 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 7 (16.3) | 0 | p>0.05 |
| Malignant diseases of the blood system | 7 (16.3) | 0 | p>0.05 |
| Rheumatic diseases | 5 (11.6) | 0 | p>0.05 |
| Solid organ malignancy | 2 (4.7) | 0 | p>0.05 |
| No underline diseases | 9 (20.9) | 27 (87.1) | p< 0.05 |
| Clinical indicators | |||
| White blood cell (109/l) | 6.3 ± 3.5 | – | |
| Neutrophil count (109/l) | 5.0 ± 3.1 | – | |
| Neutrophil percentage (%) | 73.9 ± 15.4 | – | |
| Eosinophil count (109/l) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | – | |
| Eosinophil percentage (%) | 1.5 ± 3.0 | – | |
| Lymphocyte count (109/l) | 0.9 ± 0.6 | – | |
| Lymphocyte percentage (%) | 17.5 ±11.8 | – | |
| Serum (1-3)-β-d-glucan (pg/ml) | 48.8 ±79.9 | – | |
| Serum galactomannan (μg/l) | 0.8 ± 1.3 | – | |
| Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid Galactomannan (μg/l) | 3.7 ± 4.0 | – | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (ng/ml) | 2.9 ± 2.6 | – | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 73.6 ±71.1 | – | |
| Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | 2.3 ± 5.9 | – | |
| APACHE II score | 16.1 ±10.0 | – | |
Fig. 1.
Comparison of alpha and beta diversity of gut microbiota between the H and IPA groups.
A)Alpha diversity analysis: Shannon index (p = 1.9 × 10−5), inverse Simpson index (p = 1.3 × 10−5); B) Beta diversity analysis: principal coordinate analysis (p = 0.001) and principal component analysis (p = 0.001) based on Bray–Curtis distance. H – healthy controls, IPA – invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Fig. 2.
Microbial composition and different species analysis of the H and IPA groups at different levels of phylum, genus, and species.
A)Phylum-level microbial composition and differential species analysis; B) genus-level microbial composition and differential species analysis; C) species-level microbial composition and differential species analysis. (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001). H – healthy controls, IPA – invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Fig. 3.
Differential analysis of metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota between the IPA and H groups and Spearman’s correlation analysis between metabolic pathways and gut microbiota.
The color depth in the heat map indicates the strength of the correlation: red indicates a positive correlation, while blue indicates a negative correlation (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001). “Depleted” indicates that the metabolic pathway abundance is significantly reduced, and “Enriched” indicates that the metabolic pathway abundance is significantly increased (p < 0.05). H – healthy controls, IPA – invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Fig.4.
Spearman’s correlation analysis between clinical indicators and gut microbiota in patients with IPA.
The color depth in the heat map indicates the strength of the correlation: red indicates a positive correlation and blue indicates a negative correlation (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001). APACHE II score - Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; balf GM – bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan; blood GM – serum galactomannan; G – serum (1-3)-β-d-glucan; BMI – body mass index; CEA – carcinoembiyonic antigen; CRP – C-reactive protein; E – eosinophil count; E% – eosinophil percentage; L – lymphocyte count; L% – lymphocyte percentage; N – neutrophil count; N% – neutrophil percentage; PCT – procalcitonin; WBC – white blood cell, IPA – invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Fig. 5.
Random forest model used to distinguish patients with IPA from healthy controls.
A)Random forest mean decrease in accuracy and Gini; B) the area under the curve for the random forest model was obtained with the training set. IPA – invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.