Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Combinations of genes associated with macrolide/lincosamide and tetracycline resistance_
| ermB (n = 84) | ermА/TR (n = 47) | ermC (n = 28) | mefA (n = 32) | mefE (n = 13) | msrD (n = 22) | lsaC (n = 13) | lsaE (n = 10) | lnuB (n = 12) | tetM (n = 204) | tetO (n = 33) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ermB | 56.0%* | 12.8% | 50.0% | 3.1% | – | 4,5% | 92,3% | 70.0% | 58,3% | 24.5% | 60.6% |
| ermА/TR | 7.1% | 63.8%* | 39.3% | 18.8% | – | – | 7,7% | – | – | 17.2% | 6.1% |
| ermC | 16.7% | 23.4% | 10.7%* | 18.8% | 7.7% | 13.6% | 7,7% | – | – | 10.8% | 18.2% |
| mefA | 1.2% | 12.8% | 21.4% | 9.4%* | 100.0% | 95.5% | – | – | – | 12.7% | 9.1% |
| mefE | – | – | 3.6% | 43.8% | – | 54.5% | – | – | – | 5.9% | – |
| msrD | 1.2% | – | 10.7% | 65.6% | 92.3% | – | – | – | – | 9.3% | 9.1% |
| lsaC | 14.3% | 2.1% | 3.6% | – | – | – | – | 30.0% | 25.0% | 4.9% | 18.2% |
| lsaE | 8.3% | – | – | – | – | – | 23.1% | – | 83.3% | 3.4% | 9.1% |
| lnuB | 8.3% | – | – | – | – | – | 23.1% | 100.0% | 8.3%* | 3.9% | 9.1% |
| tetM | 59.5% | 76.6% | 78.6% | 81.3% | 92.3% | 86.4% | 76.9% | 70.0% | 66.7% | 41.2%* | 24.2% |
| tetO | 23.8% | 4.3% | 21.4% | 9.4% | – | 13.6% | 46.2% | 30.0% | 25% | 3.9% | 9.1%* |
Macrolide, lincosamide, and tetracycline resistance in vaginal and extra-vaginal samples_
| Antibiotics | Vaginal samples (n = 191) | Extra-vaginal samples | Total number (n = 257) | p-value (vaginal/extra-vaginal samples) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Invasive (n = 36) | Non-invasive (n = 30) | Total extra-vaginal (n = 66) | ||||
| ERY | 110 (57.6%) | 24 (66.7%) | 21 (70.0%) | 45 (68.2%) | 155 (60.3%) | 0.1459 |
| CLI | 44 (23.0%) | 8 (23.5%) | 12 (40.0%) | 20 (30.3%) | 64 (24.9%) | 0.2508 |
| TET | 172 (90.1%) | 31 (86.1%) | 26 (86.7%) | 57 (86.4%) | 229 (89.1%) | 0.4914 |
Distribution of serotypes according to the sample source_
| Serotypes | Vaginal samples (n = 191) | Extra-vaginal samples | Total number (n = 257) | p-value (vaginal/extravaginal samples) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Invasive (n = 36) | Non-invasive (n = 30) | Total extravaginal (n = 66) | ||||
| Ia | 54 (28.3%) | 7 (19.4%) | 7 (23.3%) | 14 (21.2%) | 68 (26.5%) | 0.3317 |
| Ib | 2 (1.0%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.8%) | 1.0000 |
| II | 29 (15.2%) | 10 (27.8%) | 4 (13.3%) | 14 (21.2%) | 43 (16.7%) | 0.2572 |
| III | 37 (19,4%) | 8 (22.2%) | 7 (23.3%) | 15 (22.7%) | 52 (20.2%) | 0.5952 |
| IV | 13 (6,8%) | 1(2.8%) | 4 (13.3%) | 5 (7.6%) | 18 (7.0%) | 0.7852 |
| V | 41 (21.5%) | 6 (16.7%) | 4 (13.3%) | 10 (15.2%) | 51 (19.8%) | 0.2897 |
| VI | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| VII | 1 (0.5%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.4%) | 1.000 |
| VIII | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| NT | 14 (7.3%) | 4 (11.1%) | 4 (13.3%) | 8 (12.1%) | 22 (8.6%) | 0.3054 |
Primer sequences and amplification conditions for detection of GBS resistance genes_
| Primer sequence (5’→3’) | Product size (bp) | Annealing temperature (°C) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ermB | F: TGGTATTCCAAATGCGTAATG | 745 | 59 | Malhotra-Kumar et al. 2005 |
| ermA/TR | F: AACTTGTGGAAATGAGTCAACGG | 375 | 59 | Pérez-Trallero et al. 2007 |
| ermC | F: AATCGTCAATTCCTGCATGT | 297 | 55 | Duran et al. 2012 |
| msrD | F: TTGGACGAAGTAACTCTG | 371 | 53 | Daly et al. 2004 |
| mefA | F: AGTATCATTAATCACTAGTGC | 346 | 53 | Poyart et al. 2003 |
| mefE | F: ATGGAAAAATACAACAATTGGAAACGA | 1,218 | 58 | Arpin et al. 1999 |
| lsaC | F: CGGAATTGGGAAATCAACAC | 327 | 56 | Douarre et al. 2015 |
| lsaE | F: TGTCAAATGGTGAGCAAACG | 496 | 56 | Douarre et al. 2015 |
| lnuB | F: ACCAAAGGAGAAGGTGACCAA | 584 | 59 | Zhou et al. 2019 |
| tetM | F: AGTGGAGCGATTACAGAA | 159 | 55 | Strommenger et al. 2003 |
| tetO | F: AACTTAGGCAATCTGGCTCAC | 515 | 55 | Zakerifar et al. 2023 |