Table I
Descriptive statistics of the study population and their primary diagnoses according to ICD10.
| Year | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||
| Patients | n | 197 | 182 | 216 | 173 | 224 | 178 | 172 | 186 | 350 | 422 | 422 | 450 | 348 |
| Age | median | 53 | 54 | 60 | 59 | 49 | 43 | 45 | 49 | 43 | 43 | 52 | 57 | 53 |
| minimum | 18 | 18 | 18 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 15 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 24 | |
| maximum | 84 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 82 | 87 | 82 | 91 | 87 | 85 | 87 | 85 | 88 | |
| Q1-Q3 | 42-69 | 29-74 | 42-71 | 44-75 | 37-65 | 28-59 | 28-67 | 37-62 | 27-63 | 29-57 | 40-67 | 38-69 | 37-63 | |
| Hospitalization time in ICU (days) | median | 22 | 26 | 16 | 30 | 17 | 20 | 23 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 8 |
| minimum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| maximum Q1-Q3 | 136 11–47 | 147 9-48 | 124 7-27 | 137 11–58 | 48 5-27 | 107 11-31 | 106 10-36 | 273 8-39 | 126 8–31 | 275 7-35 | 205 5-36 | 159 5-32 | 238 24 | |
| Deaths | n (%) | 71 (36%) | 62 (34%) | 68 (31%) | 57 (33%) | 83 (37%) | 60 (34%) | 56 (33%) | 64 (34%) | 135(39%) | 117(28%) | 166 (39%) | 160 (36%) | 149 (43%) |
| Main diagnosis according to ICD10 | ||||||||||||||
| Year | ||||||||||||||
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||
| Other bacterial diseases [A30–A49]1 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 10 | |
| Malignant [C00–C14]neoplasms 2 of lip, oral cavity, and pharynx | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | |
| Malignant neoplasms of digestive organs [C15–C26]3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Malignant organs [C30neoplasms –C39]4 of respiratory and intrathoracic | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Malignant and related neoplasms tissue [C81of -lymphoid, C96]5 hematopoietic, | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | |
| Diabetes mellitus [E10-E14]6 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 5 | |
| Obesity and other hyperalimentation [E65-E68] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | |
| Metabolic disorders7 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
| Inflammatory system [G00–Gdiseases 09]8 of the central nervous | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
| Systemic nervous system atrophies [Gprimarily 10–G14]9 affecting the central | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Episodic and paroxysmal disorders [G40–G47]10 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
| Diseases [G70–G73of ]myoneural 11 junction and muscle | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Cerebral [G80–G83palsy ]12 and other paralytic syndromes | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Other disorders of the nervous system [G90–G99]13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ischemic heart diseases [I20–I25]14 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | |
| Pulmonary circulation heart [I26–Idisease 28]15 and diseases of pulmonary | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | |
| Other forms of heart disease [I30–I52]16 | 36 | 27 | 25 | 13 | 27 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 24 | 31 | 27 | 34 | 28 | |
| Cerebrovascular diseases [I60–I69]17 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 22 | 16 | |
| Diseases of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries [I70–I79]18 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Diseases nodes [I80of –veins, I89]19 lymphatic vessels, and lymph | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Influenza and pneumonia [J09-J18]20 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | |
| Chronic lower respiratory diseases [J40–J47]21 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 16 | 19 | 18 | 21 | 18 | |
| Lung diseases due to external agents [J60–J70]22 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
| Other the interstitium respiratory [Jdiseases 80–J84)23 principally affecting | 5 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | |
| Suppurative respiratory tract and necrotic [J85–J86conditions ]24 of the lower | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Other diseases of the respiratory system [J95–J99]25 | 21 | 10 | 19 | 44 | 38 | 28 | 22 | 19 | 25 | 30 | 28 | 37 | 27 | |
| Diseases [K20–K31of ]esophagus, 26 stomach, and duodenum | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 0 | |
| Hernia [K40–K46]27 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| Other diseases of the intestines [K55-K64]28 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | |
| Diseases of peritoneum [K65–K67]29 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 10 | |
| Diseases of the liver [K70–K77]30 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | |
| Disorders [K80–K87of ]31 gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreas | 13 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 6 | |
| Other diseases of the digestive system [K90–K93]32 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | |
| Infections [L00–L08]of 33 the skin and subcutaneous tissue | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Systemic connective tissue disorders [M30 -M32]34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Osteopathies and chondropathies [M80–M94]35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Injuries to the head [S00–S09]36 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 27 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 16 | |
| Injuries to the neck [S10–S19]37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| Injuries to the thorax [S20–S29]38 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 2 | |
| Injuries and pelvis to the [S30abdomen, –S39]39 lower back, lumbar spine, | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 17 | 23 | 17 | 9 | |
| Injuries to the shoulder and upper arm [S40–S49]40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Injuries to the hip and thigh [S70–S79]41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| Injuries to the knee and lower leg [S80–S89]42 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Injuries involving multiple body regions [T00–T07]43 | 44 | 45 | 53 | 21 | 32 | 41 | 48 | 57 | 101 | 142 | 145 | 141 | 134 | |
| Burns and corrosions [T20–T32]44 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 16 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 19 | 31 | 29 | 35 | 26 | |
| Poisoning substances by [Tdrugs, 36–T50medicaments, ]45 and biological | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
| Other [T66-Tand 78]unspecified 46 effects of external causes | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
[i] Diagnoses were presented in blocks, as on the World Health Organization webpage (https://icd.who.int/browsel0/2019/en)
1 including sepsis due to other specified staphylococci (A41.1); sepsis due to anaerobes (A41.4); sepsis due to other Gram-negative organisms (A41.5); sepsis, unspecified (A41.9)
2 including malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of the tongue (C02); malignant neoplasm of other and ill-defined sites of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx (C14)
3 including malignant neoplasm of the stomach (C16); malignant neoplasm of the colon (C18)
4 including malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung (C34)
5 including acute myeloblastic leukemia (C92.0)
6 including diabetes mellitus with coma (E.10.0), ketoacidosis (E10.1), and multiple complications (E10.7)
7 including acidosis (E87.2)
Diagnoses were presented in blocks, as on the World Health Organization webpage (https://icd.who.int/browsel0/2019/en)
8 including bacterial meningitis, not elsewhere classified (GOO); bacterial meningoencephalitis and meningomyelitis, not elsewhere classified (G04.2); encephalitis, myelitis, and encephalomyelitis in diseases classified elsewhere
9 including motor neuron disease (G12.2)
10 including epilepsy (G40); status epilepticus (G41); brain stem stroke syndrome (G46.3); cerebellar stroke syndrome (G46.4)
11 including myasthenia gravis and other myoneural disorders (G70)
12 including cerebral palsy (G80); flaccid tetraplegia (G82.3)
13 including encephalopathy, unspecified (G93.4)
14 including acute myocardial infarction (121)
15 including pulmonary embolism (I26)
16 including cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation (I46.0); other cardiac arrhythmias (I49); heart failure (I50)
17 including subarachnoid hemorrhage (I60); intracerebral hemorrhage (I61); cerebral infarction (I63); stroke (I64)
18 including abdominal aortic aneurysm, ruptured (I71.3)
19 including embolism and thrombosis of vena cava (I82.2)
20 including influenza with pneumonia, seasonal influenza virus identified (J10.0); bacterial pneumonia (J15); pneumonia due to other infectious organisms (J16); pneumonia, organism unspecified (J18)
21 including other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (J44); status asthmaticus (J46)
Diagnoses were presented in blocks, as on the World Health Organization webpage (https://icd.who.int/browsel0/2019/en)
22 including pneumonitis due to food and vomit (J69.0)
23 including adult respiratory distress syndrome (J80); other interstitial pulmonary diseases (J84)
24 including abscess of the mediastinum (J85.3)
25 including postprocedural respiratory disorders (J95); respiratory failure (J96)
26 including perforation of the esophagus (K22.3); duodenal ulcer, acute with hemorrhage (K26.0), acute with hemorrhage and perforation (K26.2); gastrojejunal ulcer with hemorrhage (K28.0), hemorrhage and perforation (K28.2); acute hemorrhagic gastritis (K29)
27 including ventral hernia (K43)
28 including paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction without hernia (K56)
29 including peritonitis (K65)
30 including toxic liver disease (K71); hepatic failure (K72)
31 including cholelithiasis (K80); cholecystitis (K81); obstruction of the bile duct (K83.1); acute pancreatitis (K85)
32 including gastrointestinal hemorrhage, unspecified (K92.2)
33 including other local infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (L08)
34 including systemic lupus erythematosus (M32)
35 including osteomyelitis (M86)
Diagnoses were presented in blocks, as on the World Health Organization webpage (https://icd.who.int/browsel0/2019/en)
36 including fracture of the skull and facial bones (S02); intracranial injury (S06); other and unspecified injuries of the head (S09)
37 including open wound of the neck (S11); fracture of the neck (S12); injury of nerves and spinal cord at neck level (S14); injury of blood vessels at neck level (S15)
38 including fracture of rib(s), sternum, and thoracic spine (S22); injury of blood vessels of the thorax (S25); injury of other and unspecified intrathoracic organs (S27); crushing injury of the thorax and traumatic amputation of part of thorax (S28)
39 including fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis (S32); injury of blood vessels at abdomen, lower back, and pelvis level (S35); injury of intra-abdominal organs (S36)
40 including traumatic amputation of shoulder and upper arm (S48)
41 including fracture of the femur (S72); crushing injury of hip and thigh (S77)
42 including crushing injury of the lower leg (S87); traumatic amputation of the lower leg (S88)
43 including fractures involving multiple body regions (T02); crushing injuries involving multiple body regions (T04); other injuries involving multiple body regions (T06); multiple unspecified injuries (T07)
44 including burn and corrosion of head and neck (T20); burn and corrosion of trunk (T21); burn and corrosion of respiratory tract (T27); burn and corrosion of other internal organs (T28); burns and corrosions of multiple body regions (T29); burns classified according to the extent of body surface involved (T31)
45 including poisoning by narcotics and psychodysleptics [hallucinogens] (T40)
46 including hypothermia (T68); drowning and nonfatal submersion (T75.1); effect of electric current (T75.8); anaphylactic shock (T78.2)
Table II
The number of microbiological analyses, with their results, performed between 2007 and 2019.
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beds in ICU (n) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Hospitalizations (n) | 179 | 182 | 216 | 173 | 224 | 178 | 172 | 186 | 350 | 422 | 422 | 450 | 348 |
| Microbiological analyses (n) | 2,361 | 2,349 | 2,710 | 2,454 | 3,123 | 2,796 | 2,797 | 2,811 | 4,093 | 5,376 | 5,030 | 5,089 | 5,264 |
| Microbiological of blood samples analyses (n) | 670 | 613 | 785 | 641 | 1,245 | 1,016 | 944 | 831 | 1,219 | 1,326 | 988 | 1,161 | 1,180 |
| Blood analyses, microbiological negative results (n) | 548 | 473 | 632 | 534 | 1,130 | 889 | 809 | 690 | 1,064 | 1,140 | 858 | 1,023 | 994 |
| Blood analyses, microbiological positive results (n) | 107 | 120 | 135 | 97 | 104 | 99 | 106 | 112 | 120 | 154 | 104 | 106 | 145 |
| Blood microbiological analyses, contaminated samples (n) | 15 | 20 | 18 | 10 | 11 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 35 | 32 | 26 | 32 | 41 |
| Microbiological of the tip of the analyses catheter (n) | 30 | 23 | 28 | 18 | 39 | 29 | 45 | 53 | 70 | 70 | 76 | 77 | 65 |
| Microbiological analyses of the tip of the catheter, positive results (n) | 13 | 11 | 17 | 12 | 21 | 11 | 31 | 30 | 20 | 29 | 31 | 26 | 26 |

Fig. 1
Trends in pathogens isolated between 2007 and 2019.

Fig. 2
Gram-positive alert pathogens with mechanisms of resistance, isolated between 2009 and 2019.

Fig. 3
Gram-negative alert pathogens with mechanisms of resistance, isolated between 2009 and 2019.
Table III
The number of pathogens isolated from blood samples between 2007 and 2019.
| Pathogen (mechanism of Pathogen antibiotic resistance) | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gram-negative bacilli | Acinetobacter baumannii | 33 | 24 | 22 | 19 | 38 | 26 | 25 | 29 | 18 | 26 | 20 | 18 | 14 | 312 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 9 | 12 | 9 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 109 | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MBL) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophila | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 26 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 6 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 88 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL) | 11 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 67 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (NDM) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (OXA 48) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Escherichia coli | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 11 | 5 | 58 | |
| Escherichia coli (ESBL) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 11 | |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 34 | |
| Enterobacter cloacae (ESBL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | |
| Proteus mirabilis | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 21 | |
| Proteus mirabilis (ESBL) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
| Morganella morgani | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | |
| Serratia marcescens | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | |
| Gram-positive cocci | Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 18 | 65 |
| Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | 3 | 7 | 15 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 58 | |
| Coagulase-Staphylococcus negative (CNS) | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 54 | |
| Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) | 31 | 25 | 34 | 35 | 22 | 34 | 35 | 23 | 38 | 28 | 18 | 15 | 30 | 368 | |
| Enterococcus faecalis | 5 | 8 | 15 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 16 | 2 | 6 | 13 | 95 | |
| Enterococcus faecalis (HLAR) | 0 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 20 | |
| Enterococcus faecium | 1 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 37 | |
| Enterococcus faecium (VRE) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 11 | |
| Enterococcus faecium (HLAR) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 21 | |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Fungi | Candida albicans | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 34 |
| Candida glabrata | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | |
| Candida krusei | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Candida tropicalis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Candida parapsilosis | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 14 | |
| Total | 115 | 125 | 141 | 103 | 104 | 103 | 107 | 112 | 124 | 159 | 107 | 109 | 148 | 1,557 | |
Table IV
Resistance of Gram-negative pathogens to antimicrobial agents.
| Antimicrobial agent | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 n = 9 | 2008 n = 12 | 2009 n = 9 | 2010 n = 12 | 2011 n = 7 | 2012 n = 5 | 2013 n = 7 | 2014 n = 6 | 2015 n = 8 | 2016 n = 8 | 2017 n = 9 | 2018 n = 6 | 2019 n = 11 | |
| Ceftazidime | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Cefepime | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Gentamycin | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 6 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| Imipenem | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| Meropenem | 3 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | |||||||||||||
| 2007 n = 33 | 2008 n = 24 | 2009 n = 22 | 2010 n = 19 | 2011 n = 38 | 2012 n = 26 | 2013 n = 25 | 2014 n = 29 | 2015 n = 18 | 2016 n = 26 | 2017 n = 20 | 2018 n = 18 | 2019 n = 14 | |
| Gentamycin | 30 | 22 | 7 | 11 | 29 | 24 | 22 | 25 | 16 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 8 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 32 | 24 | 21 | 19 | 34 | 25 | 23 | 29 | 18 | 25 | 20 | 18 | 14 |
| Imipenem | 11 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 31 | 23 | 21 | 28 | 17 | 25 | 19 | 17 | 10 |
| Meropenem | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 31 | 23 | 21 | 28 | 17 | 25 | 19 | 17 | 10 |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 20 | 18 | 16 | 19 | 36 | 24 | 15 | 27 | 16 | 25 | 20 | 17 | 10 |
| Ampicillin/sulbactam | 12 | 12 | 8 | 12 | 19 | 3 | 9 | 20 | 16 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Colistin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophila | |||||||||||||
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| n = 0 | n = 0 | n = 4 | n = 0 | n = 1 | n = | 1 n = 2 | n = 2 | n = 4 | n = 7 | n = 4 | n = 0 | n = 1 | |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | – | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 |
| ESBL-negative Enterobacterales | |||||||||||||
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| n = 8 | n = 12 | n = 8 | n = 2 | n = 8 | n = | 9 n = 15 | n = 22 | n = 15 | n = 34 | n = 25 | n = 29 | n = 31 | |
| Ceftazidime | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cefepime | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 5 |
| Gentamycin | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| ESBL-positive Enterobacterales | |||||||||||||
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| n = 15 | n = 13 | n = 4 | n = 4 | n = 2 | n = | 4 n = 1 | n = 11 | n = 7 | n = 11 | n = 9 | n = 10 | n = 3 | |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanate | 12 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 3 |
| Gentamycin | 10 | 9 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 2 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 13 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 3 |
| Imipenem | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Meropenem | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 13 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 3 |
| KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae | |||||||||||||
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| n = 0 | n = 4 | n = 0 | n = 0 | n = 0 | n = | 0 n = 0 | n = 0 | n = 0 | n = 0 | n = 0 | n = 0 | n = 0 | |
| Amikacin | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Gentamicin | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tigecycline | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Colistin | – | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae | |||||||||||||
| Antimicrobial agent | 2007 n = 0 | 2008 n = 0 | 2009 n = 0 | 2010 n = 0 | 2011 n = 0 | 2012 n = 0 | 2013 n = 0 | 2014 n = 0 | 2015 n = 0 | 2016 n = 0 | 2017 n = 2 | 2018 n = 1 | 2019 n = 2 |
| Amikacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Gentamicin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Tigecycline | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Colistin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| OXA48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae | |||||||||||||
| 2007 n = 0 | 2008 n = 0 | 2009 n = 0 | 2010 n = 0 | 2011 n = 0 | 2012 n = 0 | 2013 n = 0 | 2014 n = 0 | 2015 n = 0 | 2016 n = 0 | 2017 n = 0 | 2018 n = 0 | 2019 n = 1 | |
| Amikacin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 |
| Gentamicin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Tigecycline | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Colistin | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 |