Primers used in this study for the detection of macrolide resistance-related genes_
| Gene | Primer | Sequence (5’→3’) | Purpose | Restriction endonuclease | Vector | Amplicon size (bp) | Annealing temperature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mphE | mphE-SF | ATGCCCAGCATATAAATCGC | Screening | 271 | 60°C | ||
| mphE-SR | ATATGGACAAAGATAGCCCG | ||||||
| mphE-OF | CGGAATTCTATTCAAAAAAACTTATCCGACTTA | Cloning | EcoR I | pUCP18 | 885 | 60°C | |
| mphE-OR | CCAAGCTTTTATATAACTCCCAACTGAGCTTTT | Hind III | |||||
| msrE | msrE-SF | TATAGCGACTTTAGCGCCAA | Screening | 395 | 62°C | ||
| msrE-SR | GCCGTAGAATATGAGCTGAT | ||||||
| msrE-OF | CGGAATTCTTTTTGGGAGGACACTGTGATGCTA | Cloning | EcoR I | pUCP18 | 1,467 | 62°C | |
| msrE-OR | CCAAGCTTTTATATAACTCCCAACTGAGCTTTT | Hind III |
Coverage and abundance of the macrolide resistance genes in the pooled DNA from 262 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates_
| Genotype | Reference sequence | Coveragea | Abundanceb |
|---|---|---|---|
| mphE | AY522431 | 1.00 | 26.0 |
| msrE | AY522431 | 1.00 | 24.0 |
The MIC values for 13 antibiotics against 262 clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates_
| Antibiotics | MIC range (μg/ml) | MIC50 (μg/ml) | MIC90 (μg/ml) | Resistance (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cefuroxim | 0.5–32 | 16 | > 32 | 44.1 |
| Cefepime | 1–64 | 8 | 64 | 36.7 |
| Meropenam | 0.0125–32 | 4 | 32 | 30.1 |
| Ceftazidime | 1–64 | 16 | > 64 | 52.1 |
| Gentamicin | 0.125–64 | 16 | 64 | 32.1 |
| Tobramycin | 0.5–32 | 4 | > 32 | 29.6 |
| Amikacin | >256 | 2 | > 256 | 34.9 |
| Netilmicin | 0.5–512 | 8 | > 512 | 42.1 |
| Colistin | 0.25–16 | 2 | > 16 | 28.2 |
| Azithromycin | 0.5–256 | 64 | > 256 | 78.1 |
| Clarithromycin | 1–1024 | 256 | > 1024 | 69.5 |
| Roxithromycin | 0.5–1024 | 256 | > 1024 | 76.8 |
| Erythromycin | 1–1024 | 512 | > 1024 | 82.1 |
Amino acid polymorphisms in the MsrE variants_
| Accession No. | Amino acid positiona | Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 45 | 79 | 80 | 128 | 183 | 198 | 444 | ||
| MG585957.1 | Ser | Glu | Thr | Ser | Glu | Glu | Ile | Gonzalez-Plaza et al. 2018 |
| MG585949.1 | Ile | Asp | Gonzalez-Plaza et al. 2018 | |||||
| CP032136.1 | Asp | |||||||
| LS992184.1 | Gly | Asp | ||||||
| CP026233.1 | Asp | Val | Weingarten et al. 2018 | |||||
| CP021960.1 | Lys | Asp | ||||||
| CP011374.1 | Gly | Asp | Lys | |||||
| MsrE-2276 | Asp | this study | ||||||
| MsrE-2883 | Asp | this study | ||||||
Amino acid polymorphisms in the MphE variants_
| Accession No. | Amino acid positiona | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17 | 28 | 133 | 231 | ||
| CP029638.1 | Ile | Ile | Glu | Thr | Beker et al. 2018 |
| CP035931.1 | Leu | ||||
| KX443408.1 | Leu | Asp | |||
| CP011374.1 | Leu | Leu | Ile | ||
| mphE-1609 | Leu | this study | |||
| mphE-2883 | Leu | this study | |||
MIC results for the recombinants, clinical strains, and controls (μg/ml)_
| Strain | ERY | KIT | ROX | CLR | AZM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pUCP18-msrE/DH5α (PAO2276) | 512 | 256 | 1024 | 256 | 32 |
| pUCP18-msrE/DH5α (PAO2883) | 512 | 512 | 1024 | 256 | 32 |
| pUCP18-mphE/DH5α (PAO1609) | 512 | 256 | 1024 | 256 | 32 |
| pUCP18-mphE/DH5α (PAO2883) | 512 | 512 | 1024 | 256 | 32 |
| PAO2883 | 1024 | 512 | 1024 | 512 | > 128 |
| PAO2276 | 512 | 256 | 1024 | 512 | > 128 |
| PAO1609 | > 1024 | 256 | 1024 | 512 | > 128 |
| pUCP18/DH5α | 128 | 256 | 128 | 32 | 4 |
| DH5α | 128 | 512 | 128 | 32 | 4 |
| ATCC 27853 | 32 | 16 | 64 | 16 | < 1 |