Fig. 1.
Molecular methods for the identification of yeasts isolated from Amazonian native fruits_
| Strain profile | Method of identification | Identification consensus | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Restriction profile | D1/D2 26S ribosomal RNA sequencing | ||
| P01 | Not determined | C. quercitrusa | Candida quercitrusa |
| P04 | Not determined | C. intermedia | Candida intermedia |
| P05 | Not determined | C. jaroonii | Candida jaroonii |
| P06 | C. tropicalis | C. tropicalis | Candida tropicalis |
| P07 | Not determined | C. carpophila | Candida carpophila |
| P08 | D. hansenii | D. hansenii | Debaryomyces hansenii |
| P09 | D. hansenii | D. hansenii | Debaryomyces hansenii |
| P10 | – | C. tropicalis | Candida tropicalis |
| P11 | Not determined | C. akabanensis | Candida akabanensis |
| P12 | Not determined | C. carpophila | Candida carpophila |
| P13 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. opuntiae | Hanseniaspora opuntiae |
| P14 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. opuntiae | Hanseniaspora opuntiae |
| P15 | C. tropicalis | C. tropicalis | Candida tropicalis |
| P16 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. thailandica | Hanseniaspora thailandica |
| P17 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. thailandica | Hanseniaspora thailandica |
| P18 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. opuntiae | Hanseniaspora opuntiae |
| P19 | Not determined | C. pseudohaemulonii | Candida pseudohaemulonii |
| P20 | D. hansenii | D. nepalensis | Debaryomyces nepalensis |
| P21 | C. incommunis | K. ohmeri | Kodamaea ohmeri |
| P22 | D. hansenii | D. nepalensis | Debaryomyces nepalensis |
| P23 | Not determined | Meyerozyma caribbica | Meyerozyma caribbica |
| P24 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. opuntiae | Hanseniaspora opuntiae |
| P25 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. uvarum | Hanseniaspora uvarum |
| P26 | – | H. thailandica | Hanseniaspora thailandica |
| P27 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. opuntiae | Hanseniaspora opuntiae |
| P28 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. thailandica | Hanseniaspora thailandica |
| P29 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. thailandica | Hanseniaspora thailandica |
| P30 | H. guilliermondii/H. uvarum | H. pseudoguillermondii | Hanseniaspora pseudoguillermondii |
| P32 | C. sake | Martiniozyma asiatica | Martiniozyma asiatica |
Biochemical tests performed on yeasts isolated from ANF_
| Species | Strain profile | Fermentation of carbohydratesa | Temperature (°C)b | Osmc 50% | Acid prodd | Tole | Trif | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glu | Suc | Mal | Sta | Cel | 4 | 15 | 30 | 37 | ||||||
| C. akabanensis | P11 | + | + | + | – | – | ✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | – | + | – | + |
| C. carpophila | P07 | + | + | – | – | – | – | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | + | + | – | – |
| P12 | + | + | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | + | – | – | – | |
| C. intermedia | P04 | + | + | + | – | + | ✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | – | + | – | – |
| C. jaroonii | P05 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓ | + | + | – | – |
| C. pseudohaemulonii | P19 | + | + | – | – | – | – | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | + | – | – | – |
| C. quercitrusa | P01 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | + | – | – | – |
| C. tropicalis | P06 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | + | – | – | – |
| P10 | + | + | + | – | – | ✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | + | + | + | – | |
| P15 | + | + | + | – | – | ✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | + | – | – | |
| D. hansenii | P08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓ | + | – | + | – |
| P09 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓ | ✓✓ | – | + | – | – | – | |
| D. nepalensis | P20 | + | + | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | + | – | – | – |
| P22 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓ | ✓✓ | – | + | – | – | – | |
| H. opuntiae | P13 | + | + | – | – | – | – | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | + | + | + | – |
| P14 | + | + | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓ | + | + | – | – | |
| P18 | + | + | – | – | + | – | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | – | + | – | – | |
| P24 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | + | – | + | – | |
| P27 | + | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | + | + | – | – | |
| H. pseudoguillermondii | P30 | + | – | – | – | + | ✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓ | – | + | – | – |
| H. thailandica | P16 | + | – | – | – | + | – | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | – | + | + | – |
| P17 | + | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓ | – | + | – | – | |
| P26 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | + | – | – | – | |
| P28 | + | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | ✓✓ | – | + | – | – | |
| P29 | + | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | – | + | – | – | |
| H. uvarum | P25 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓ | ✓ | + | – | – | – |
| K. ohmeri | P21 | + | + | – | – | – | – | ✓ | ✓✓ | – | + | – | – | – |
| M. asiatica | P32 | – | – | + | + | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓✓ | – | – | – | + | – |
| M. caribbica | P23 | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓✓ | ✓✓ | – | + | – | – | – |
Source and incidence of yeast species and strains isolated from ANF_
| Species | Restriction profile | Strain profile | Number of isolates from each fruit | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. medica/cidra | G. crophylla/charichuelo | M. flexuosa/aguaje | M. dubia/camu camu | O. bataua/ungurahui | P. sericea/umarí | S. sessiliflorum/cocona | S. dulcis/taperiba | S. mombin/ubos | S. jambos/pomarrosa | Total (%) | |||
| Candida akabanensis | I | P11 | 4 | 4.9 | |||||||||
| Candida carpophila | II | P07, P12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.7 | |||||||
| Candida intermedia | III | P04 | 1 | 1.2 | |||||||||
| Candida jaroonii | IV | P05 | 1 | 1.2 | |||||||||
| Candida pseudohaemulonii | V | P19 | 1 | 1.2 | |||||||||
| Candida quercitrusa | VI | P01 | 6 | 7.4 | |||||||||
| Candida tropicalis | VII | P06, P10, P15 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 16.0 | ||||||
| Debaryomyces hansenii | VIII | P08, P09 | 9 | 11.1 | |||||||||
| Debaryomyces nepalensis | VIII | P20, P22 | 5 | 6.2 | |||||||||
| Hanseniaspora opuntiae | IX | P13, P14, P18, P24, P27 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 24.7 | |||||
| Hanseniaspora pseudoguillermondii | X | P30 | 3 | 3.7 | |||||||||
| Hanseniaspora thailandica | IX | P16, P17, P26, P28, P29 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 11.1 | |||||||
| Hanseniaspora uvarum | IX | P25 | 1 | 1.2 | |||||||||
| Kodamaea ohmeri | XI | P21 | 1 | 1.2 | |||||||||
| Martiniozyma asiatica | XII | P32 | 2 | 2.5 | |||||||||
| Meyerozyma caribbica | II | P23 | 2 | 2.5 | |||||||||