Assessing the Microbial Communities in Four Different Daqus by Using PCR-DGGE, PLFA, and Biolog Analyses

Figures & Tables

Band No.^a	Related GenBank sequence	Closest relatives (accession no.)	Identity (%)^b
a	MN857671	Uncultured bacterium (AB441615.1)	100
b	MN857663	Weissella confuse (GU049413.1)	99
c	MN857670	Pediococcus pentosaceus (AB481102.1)	100
d	MN857669	Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (EU350220.1)	99
e	MN857662	Uncultured Lactobacillus sp. (FJ982856.1)	100
f	MN857666	Uncultured bacterium (AB441567.1)	100
^g	MN857665	Pediococcus acidilactici (FJ751795.1)	99
h	MN857667	Bacillus thermoamylovorans (GU067470.1)	99
i	MN857672	Uncultured bacterium (FJ235654.1)	100
j	MN857673	Uncultured bacterium (GQ076030.1)	96
k	MN857664	Uncultured bacterium (GQ505035.1)	100
l	MN857661	Uncultured Lactobacillus sp. (GQ999780.1)	98
m	MN857668	Thermoactinomyces sanguinis (AJ251778.1)	95

PLFA (nmol/g dry matter)	Wuling Daqu	Baisha Daqu	Deshan Daqu	Niulanshan Daqu
A11:0	0	0	0	105.36
A13:0	327.32	297.50	153.95	99.80
15:00	294.13	475.82	189.31	24.35
Me14:0	133.53	0	0	217.31
I14:0	117.82	0	0	54.73
I15:0	0	0	0	34.62
A15:0	102.96	0	0	44.73
16:1W9Z	121.91	0	83.49	0
16:00	4.15	194.31	4.00	5.45
I16:0	95.05	220.59	0	0
A16:0	113.83	166.87	2.86	142.79
17:00	112.01	250.34	61.09	0
Cy17:0	0	0	76.79	0
18:3W6,9,12t	216.81	0	1.58	0
18:3W3,6,9zzz	0	0	66.79	0
18:2W6.9tt	1.76	3.03	0	2.66
18:2W6.9zz	234.20	30.46	0	186.88
18:2W6.8zz	0	0	0	51.43
18:2W7.10tt	0	0	0	315.07
18:2W5.8tt	248.88	0	3.18	0
18:1W9t	5.89	8.97	14.18	7.36
18:1W10t	45.45	0	0	0
18:1W9z	0	0	0	68.80
18:00	24.92	68.60	14.55	26.90
Cy18:0	149.68	0	0	0
20:00	152.12	0	0	0

Name	Flavour type	Highest temperature inside the Daqu pile (°C)	Region (city and geographic coordinates)
Wuling	Sauce-flavour	65	Changde, Hunan (29°05′N, 111°39′E)
Baisha	Sauce- and strong-flavour	60	Changsha, Changsha (28°11′N, 112°58′E)
Deshan	Strong-flavour	55	Changde, Hunan (29°05′N, 111°39′E)
Niulanshan	Light-flavour	50	Beijing (39°56′N, 116°20′E)

Well	Carbon Sources	Wuling Daqu	Baisha Daqu	Deshan Daqu	Niulanshan Daqu
A2	β-Methyl-D-glucoside	0.559	0	0.001	1.445
A3	D-Galactonic acid-γ-Lactone	0.526	0.026	1.199	1.028
A4	L-Arginine	0.383	0.019	0.316	0.063
B1	Pyruvic acid Methyl ester	0.759	0	0.383	0.444
B2	D-Xylose	1.115	0.025	0.067	1.500
B3	D-Galacturonic acid	1.484	0	0.754	1.391
B4	L-Asparagine	0.146	0.033	0.035	0.919
C1	Tween 40	0.872	0.356	0.399	0.399
C2	i-Erythritol	0.113	0.002	0.21	0.263
C3	2-Hydroxy benzoic acid	0.004	0	0.176	0
C4	L-Phenylalanine	0.085	0.121	0.099	0.132
D1	Tween 80	0.558	0.251	0.8	1.037
D2	D-Mannitol	0.845	0.008	0.399	1.789
D3	4-Hydroxy benzoic acid	0.019	0.020	0.302	0.076
D4	L-Serine	1.129	0.031	0.049	0.626
E1	α-Cyclodextrin	0.001	0.048	0	0.007
E2	N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine	0.927	0.171	0.146	1.844
E3	γ-Hydroxybutyric acid	0.118	0.102	0.139	0.042
E4	L-Threonine	0.031	0	0	0.019667
F1	Glycogen	0.192	0	0.143	0.163
F2	D-Glucosaminic acid	0.298	0	0.967	0.023
F3	Itaconic acid	0	0.044	0	0
F4	Glucose-L-glutamic acid	0.021	0.009	0	0.132
G1	D-Cellobiose G2	0.920	0.122	0.422	1.538
G2	Glucose-1-phosphate	0.109	0.033	0	1.255
G3	a-Ketobutyric acid	0	0	0.004	0
G4	Phenylethylamine	0.001	0	0.534	0
H1	a-D-Lactose	0.612	0.013	0.189	1.404
H2	D,L-a-Glycerol phosphate	0.162	0.009	0.243	0.275
H3	D-Malic acid	0.349	0.009	0.431	0.944
H4	Putrescine	0.293	0.053	0.133	0.639