Table I
Samples of four typical Daqus of Chinese spirits.
| Name | Flavour type | Highest temperature inside the Daqu pile (°C) | Region (city and geographic coordinates) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wuling | Sauce-flavour | 65 | Changde, Hunan (29°05′N, 111°39′E) |
| Baisha | Sauce- and strong-flavour | 60 | Changsha, Changsha (28°11′N, 112°58′E) |
| Deshan | Strong-flavour | 55 | Changde, Hunan (29°05′N, 111°39′E) |
| Niulanshan | Light-flavour | 50 | Beijing (39°56′N, 116°20′E) |
Fig. 1.
PCR-DGGE profiles (A) and clustering analysis (B) of the bacterial communities in four typical Daqu samples. (a-m represent the specific bands excised; 1–4 represent Wuling Daqu, Baisha Daqu, Deshan Daqu, and Niulanshan Daqu, respectively.
Table II
Summary of the identification of bands in Fig. 1.
| Band No. a | Related GenBank sequence | Closest relatives (accession no.) | Identity (%) b |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | MN857671 | Uncultured bacterium (AB441615.1) | 100 |
| b | MN857663 | Weissella confuse (GU049413.1) | 99 |
| c | MN857670 | Pediococcus pentosaceus (AB481102.1) | 100 |
| d | MN857669 | Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (EU350220.1) | 99 |
| e | MN857662 | Uncultured Lactobacillus sp. (FJ982856.1) | 100 |
| f | MN857666 | Uncultured bacterium (AB441567.1) | 100 |
| g | MN857665 | Pediococcus acidilactici (FJ751795.1) | 99 |
| h | MN857667 | Bacillus thermoamylovorans (GU067470.1) | 99 |
| i | MN857672 | Uncultured bacterium (FJ235654.1) | 100 |
| j | MN857673 | Uncultured bacterium (GQ076030.1) | 96 |
| k | MN857664 | Uncultured bacterium (GQ505035.1) | 100 |
| l | MN857661 | Uncultured Lactobacillus sp. (GQ999780.1) | 98 |
| m | MN857668 | Thermoactinomyces sanguinis (AJ251778.1) | 95 |
1a Bands are numbered according to Fig. 1.
Table III
The concentration of the PLFAs in different Daqu samples.
| PLFA (nmol/g dry matter) | Wuling Daqu | Baisha Daqu | Deshan Daqu | Niulanshan Daqu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A11:0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 105.36 |
| A13:0 | 327.32 | 297.50 | 153.95 | 99.80 |
| 15:00 | 294.13 | 475.82 | 189.31 | 24.35 |
| Me14:0 | 133.53 | 0 | 0 | 217.31 |
| I14:0 | 117.82 | 0 | 0 | 54.73 |
| I15:0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34.62 |
| A15:0 | 102.96 | 0 | 0 | 44.73 |
| 16:1W9Z | 121.91 | 0 | 83.49 | 0 |
| 16:00 | 4.15 | 194.31 | 4.00 | 5.45 |
| I16:0 | 95.05 | 220.59 | 0 | 0 |
| A16:0 | 113.83 | 166.87 | 2.86 | 142.79 |
| 17:00 | 112.01 | 250.34 | 61.09 | 0 |
| Cy17:0 | 0 | 0 | 76.79 | 0 |
| 18:3W6,9,12t | 216.81 | 0 | 1.58 | 0 |
| 18:3W3,6,9zzz | 0 | 0 | 66.79 | 0 |
| 18:2W6.9tt | 1.76 | 3.03 | 0 | 2.66 |
| 18:2W6.9zz | 234.20 | 30.46 | 0 | 186.88 |
| 18:2W6.8zz | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51.43 |
| 18:2W7.10tt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 315.07 |
| 18:2W5.8tt | 248.88 | 0 | 3.18 | 0 |
| 18:1W9t | 5.89 | 8.97 | 14.18 | 7.36 |
| 18:1W10t | 45.45 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 18:1W9z | 0 | 0 | 0 | 68.80 |
| 18:00 | 24.92 | 68.60 | 14.55 | 26.90 |
| Cy18:0 | 149.68 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 20:00 | 152.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fig. 2.
Total biomass, bacterial biomass, fungi biomass (A) and the ratio of fungi biomass to bacteria biomass (B) of Daqu samples.
Fig. 3.
Principal component analysis (PCA) showing variations in the PLFA pattern in different types of Daqu (A); clustering analysis (B) of the four Daqus on PLFAs content.
Fig. 4.
The AWCD of five types of carbon sources in four Daqus communities, including all carbon sources (A), monosaccharides and their derivatives (B), disaccharides and polysaccharides (C), amino acid substrate and its derivatives (D), fatty acids and lipids (E), and metabolites and secondary metabolites (F).
Table IV
Comparison of the carbon utilization of different samples.
| Well | Carbon Sources | Wuling Daqu | Baisha Daqu | Deshan Daqu | Niulanshan Daqu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A2 | β-Methyl-D-glucoside | 0.559 | 0 | 0.001 | 1.445 |
| A3 | D-Galactonic acid-γ-Lactone | 0.526 | 0.026 | 1.199 | 1.028 |
| A4 | L-Arginine | 0.383 | 0.019 | 0.316 | 0.063 |
| B1 | Pyruvic acid Methyl ester | 0.759 | 0 | 0.383 | 0.444 |
| B2 | D-Xylose | 1.115 | 0.025 | 0.067 | 1.500 |
| B3 | D-Galacturonic acid | 1.484 | 0 | 0.754 | 1.391 |
| B4 | L-Asparagine | 0.146 | 0.033 | 0.035 | 0.919 |
| C1 | Tween 40 | 0.872 | 0.356 | 0.399 | 0.399 |
| C2 | i-Erythritol | 0.113 | 0.002 | 0.21 | 0.263 |
| C3 | 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid | 0.004 | 0 | 0.176 | 0 |
| C4 | L-Phenylalanine | 0.085 | 0.121 | 0.099 | 0.132 |
| D1 | Tween 80 | 0.558 | 0.251 | 0.8 | 1.037 |
| D2 | D-Mannitol | 0.845 | 0.008 | 0.399 | 1.789 |
| D3 | 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.302 | 0.076 |
| D4 | L-Serine | 1.129 | 0.031 | 0.049 | 0.626 |
| E1 | α-Cyclodextrin | 0.001 | 0.048 | 0 | 0.007 |
| E2 | N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine | 0.927 | 0.171 | 0.146 | 1.844 |
| E3 | γ-Hydroxybutyric acid | 0.118 | 0.102 | 0.139 | 0.042 |
| E4 | L-Threonine | 0.031 | 0 | 0 | 0.019667 |
| F1 | Glycogen | 0.192 | 0 | 0.143 | 0.163 |
| F2 | D-Glucosaminic acid | 0.298 | 0 | 0.967 | 0.023 |
| F3 | Itaconic acid | 0 | 0.044 | 0 | 0 |
| F4 | Glucose-L-glutamic acid | 0.021 | 0.009 | 0 | 0.132 |
| G1 | D-Cellobiose G2 | 0.920 | 0.122 | 0.422 | 1.538 |
| G2 | Glucose-1-phosphate | 0.109 | 0.033 | 0 | 1.255 |
| G3 | a-Ketobutyric acid | 0 | 0 | 0.004 | 0 |
| G4 | Phenylethylamine | 0.001 | 0 | 0.534 | 0 |
| H1 | a-D-Lactose | 0.612 | 0.013 | 0.189 | 1.404 |
| H2 | D,L-a-Glycerol phosphate | 0.162 | 0.009 | 0.243 | 0.275 |
| H3 | D-Malic acid | 0.349 | 0.009 | 0.431 | 0.944 |
| H4 | Putrescine | 0.293 | 0.053 | 0.133 | 0.639 |
Fig. 5.
Principal component analysis (A) and clustering analysis (B) based carbon source utilization patterns of microbial communities.