Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Legitimacy and Acceptance of Quantum Technologies Among Potential Naval Users in the Danish Armed Forces Cover

Legitimacy and Acceptance of Quantum Technologies Among Potential Naval Users in the Danish Armed Forces

Open Access
|Apr 2026

References

  1. Adamsky, D. (2010). The culture of military innovation: The impact of cultural factors on the revolution in military affairs in Russia, the US, and Israel. Stanford University Press. 10.1515/9780804773805
  2. Bareis, J., & Katzenbach, C. (2022). Talking AI into being: The narratives and imaginaries of national AI strategies and their performative politics. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 47(5), 855881. 10.1177/01622439211030007
  3. Borup, M., Brown, N., Konrad, K., & Van Lente, H. (2006). The sociology of expectations in science and technology. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 18(3–4), 285298. 10.1080/09537320600777002
  4. Bradley, J. (2012). If we build it they will come? The technology acceptance model. In Y. K. Dwivedi, M. R. Wade, & S. L. Schneberger (Eds.), Information systems theory: Explaining and predicting our digital society (Vol. 1, pp. 1936). Springer. 10.1007/978-1-4419-6108-2_2
  5. Brinkmann, S. (2025). Fænomenologi. In S. Brinkmann & L. Tanggaard (Eds.), Kvalitative metoder: En grundbog (4th ed.). Hans Reitzels Forlag.
  6. Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
  7. Center for Cybersikkerhed. (2023, December 6). Kvanteteknologi i sikkerhed og forsvar [Workshop]. Strategic Data & Quantum Workshop, Royal Danish Defence College.
  8. Chen, Y., Khalid Khan, S., Shiwakoti, N., Stasinopoulos, P., & Aghabayk, K. (2023). Analysis of Australian public acceptance of fully automated vehicles by extending technology acceptance model. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 14, 101072. 10.1016/j.cstp.2023.101072
  9. Dahabiyeh, L., & Constantinides, P. (2022). Legitimating digital technologies in industry exchange fields: The case of digital signatures. Information and Organization, 32(1), 100392. 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2022.100392
  10. Danish Business Authority and Danish Quantum Community. (2024). 16 Danish quantum use cases: Practical insights into applications of quantum technologies across industries. Danish Business Authority and Danish Quantum Community. https://erhvervsstyrelsen.dk/sites/default/files/2024-12/16%20Danish%20Quantum%20Use%20Cases%20-%20December%202024_0.pdf
  11. Darmer, P., Jordansen, B., & Madsen, J. A. (2020). Paradigmer i praksis: Videnskabsteori og metode i ledelses- og organisationsstudier (2nd ed.). Djøf Forlag.
  12. Davis, F. D. (1985). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results [Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35465050_A_Technology_Acceptance_Model_for_Empirically_Testing_New_End-User_Information_Systems
  13. Dowling, J. P., & Milburn, G. J. (2003). Quantum technology: The second quantum revolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 361(1809), 16551674. 10.1098/rsta.2003.1227
  14. Eaton, J., Redmayne, J., & Thordsen, M. (2016). Joint analysis handbook. Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Centre.
  15. European Commission. (2025). Quantum Europe strategy: Quantum Europe in a changing world. European Commission. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/quantum-europe-strategy
  16. Forsvaret. (2023a). Ammunitions- og minerydning. Forsvaret. https://www.forsvaret.dk/da/opgaver/nationale-opgaver/Ammunitionsrydning/
  17. Forsvaret. (2023b). Forsvarets ledelsesgrundlag. Forsvaret. https://www.forsvaret.dk/globalassets/fko---forsvaret/dokumenter/-forsvarets-ledelsesgrundlag-2023_folder-.pdf
  18. Goldman, E. O., & Ross, A. L. (2003). Conclusion: The diffusion of military technology and ideas—Theory and practice. In L. C. Eliason & E. O. Goldman (Eds.), The diffusion of military technology and ideas. Stanford University Press.
  19. Grinbaum, A. (2017). Narratives of quantum theory in the age of quantum technologies. Ethics and Information Technology, 19(4), 295306. 10.1007/s10676-017-9424-6
  20. Grissom, A. (2006). The future of military innovation studies. Journal of Strategic Studies, 29(5), 905934. 10.1080/01402390600901067
  21. Haber, L., & Carmeli, A. (2023). Leading the challenges of implementing new technologies in organizations. Technology in Society, 74, 102300. 10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102300
  22. Horowitz, M. C. (2010). The diffusion of military power: Causes and consequences for international politics. Princeton University Press. 10.1515/9781400835102
  23. Jasanoff, S. (2015). Future imperfect: Science, technology, and the imaginations of modernity. In S. Jasanoff & S.-H. Kim (Eds.), Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power (pp. 133). University of Chicago Press. 10.7208/chicago/9780226276663.003.0001
  24. Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2016). Guidance for developing and implementing joint concepts (CJCSI 3010.02E). The United States Department of Defense. https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Library/Instructions/CJCSI%203010.02E.pdf?ver=2017-02-08-173223-657
  25. Justesen, L., & Mik-Meyer, N. (2010). Kvalitative metoder i organisations- og ledelsesstudier (1st ed.). Hans Reitzels Forlag.
  26. Kamble, S., Gunasekaran, A., & Arha, H. (2019). Understanding the blockchain technology adoption in supply chains: Indian context. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 20092033. 10.1080/00207543.2018.1518610
  27. Kostova, T., & Zaheer, S. (1999). Organizational legitimacy under conditions of complexity: The case of the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 6481. 10.5465/amr.1999.1580441
  28. Krelina, M. (2021). Quantum technology for military applications. EPJ Quantum Technology, 8(1), 24. 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-021-00113-y
  29. Kuo, K. (2022). Dangerous changes: When military innovation harms combat effectiveness. International Security, 47(2), 4887. 10.1162/isec_a_00446
  30. Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2015). Interview: Det kvalitative forskningsinterview som håndværk (3rd ed.). Hans Reitzels Forlag.
  31. Mendoza, M. A., Rodriguez Alfonso, M., & Lhuillery, S. (2021). A battle of drones: Utilizing legitimacy strategies for the transfer and diffusion of dual-use technologies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120539. 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120539
  32. Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. (2025). Finland’s quantum technology strategy 2025–2035. Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/166272/TEM_2025_18.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  33. Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, & Ministry of Higher Education and Science. (2021). National defence industrial strategy of the Danish government: Strengthened cooperation for Danish security. The Danish Government. https://www.fmn.dk/globalassets/fmn/dokumenter/nyheder/engelske/-national-defence-industrial-strategy-of-the-danish-government-.pdf
  34. Mitchell, T. R., Thompson, L., Peterson, E., & Cronk, R. (1997). Temporal adjustments in the evaluation of events: The “rosy view.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(4), 421448. 10.1006/jesp.1997.1333
  35. Moe, H. (2014). Kunden og næstekærligheden: Om Diakonisesstiftelsens legitimitet i et aftagerperspektiv: Seniorer, ældre og en kommunal samarbejdspartner [Master’s thesis, Copenhagen Business School]. https://research-api.cbs.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/58426144/hanne_moe.pdf
  36. O’Connor, E. J., Parsons, C. K., Liden, R. C., & Herold, D. M. (1990). Implementing new technology: Management issues and opportunities. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 1(1), 6989. 10.1016/1047-8310(90)90014-U
  37. Oliva del Moral, J., deMarti iOlius, A., Vidal, G., Crespo, P. M., & Etxezarreta Martinez, J. (2024). Cybersecurity in critical infrastructures: A post-quantum cryptography perspective. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 11(18), 3021730244. 10.1109/JIOT.2024.3410702
  38. Purohit, A., Kaur, M., Seskir, Z. C., Posner, M. T., & Venegas-Gomez, A. (2024). Building a quantum-ready ecosystem. IET Quantum Communication, 5(1), 118. 10.1049/qtc2.12072
  39. Ravn, L. (2025). The fabrication of synthetic data promises: Tracing emerging arenas of expectations and boundary work. Big Data & Society, 12(1). 10.1177/20539517241307915
  40. Reding, D. F., & Eaton, J. (2020). Science & technology trends 2020–2040: Exploring the S&T edge. NATO Science & Technology Organization.
  41. Roberson, T., Leach, J., & Raman, S. (2021). Talking about public good for the second quantum revolution: Analysing quantum technology narratives in the context of national strategies. Quantum Science and Technology, 6(2), 025001. 10.1088/2058-9565/abc5ab
  42. Royal Danish Defence College. (2019). Værnsfælles doktrin for militære cyberspaceoperationer. The Royal Danish Defence College. https://www.fak.dk/globalassets/fak/dokumenter/publikationer/-policy-brief-2019---varnsfalles-doktrin-for-militare-cyberspaceoperationer-vdmco-.pdf
  43. Schaub, G., Jr. (2019). Disruptive militære teknologier. Center of Military Studies, University of Copenhagen.
  44. Schoon, E. W. (2022). Operationalizing legitimacy. American Sociological Review, 87(3), 478503. 10.1177/00031224221081379
  45. Schütz, T. (2025). Blinded by the hype: How envisioned futures shape the role of artificial intelligence in defence applications and warfare. Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik, 18(2), 265286. 10.1007/s12399-025-01042-9
  46. Schwarz, M. (2014). Future mine countermeasures. Naval War College Review, 67(3). https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol67/iss3/10
  47. Skou, M. (2021). Quantum impurity dynamics and formation of polarons and bipolarons in Bose-Einstein condensates [Doctoral dissertation, Aarhus University]. https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/217293955/MGS_Thesis.pdf
  48. Skou, M. (2024). Kvanteteknologier og forsvaret: En undersøgelse af brugerens perspektiv [Diploma thesis, Royal Danish Defence College]. https://research.fak.dk/esploro/outputs/991982681203741
  49. Smith, F. L., III. (2020). Quantum technology hype and national security. Security Dialogue, 51(5), 499516. 10.1177/0967010620904922
  50. Stoffregen, A. (2024, April 23). Derfor står der kvante- foran fremtidens militærteknologi. Forsvarsministeriets Materiel- og Indkøbsstyrelse. https://www.fmi.dk/da/nyheder/2024/derfor-star-der-kvante--foran-fremtidens-militarteknologi/
  51. Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571610. 10.5465/amr.1995.9508080331
  52. Suter, V., Ma, C., Pöhlmann, G.-M., & Meckel, M. (2026). Narratives on quantum technologies: A cross-domain analysis of media, business, and policy discourses. Data & Policy, 8, e1. 10.1017/dap.2025.10048
  53. Sweeney, J., Bayliss, D., Butcher, F., Calabro, S., Cox, L., Dragomir, G., Ehlert, U., Martin-Blanco, A., & Simon, S. (2025). Science and technology trends 2025–2045. NATO Science & Technology Organisation.
  54. Tamilmani, K., Rana, N. P., Wamba, S. F., & Dwivedi, R. (2021). The extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2): A systematic literature review and theory evaluation. International Journal of Information Management, 57, 102269. 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102269
  55. Tran, T. A., & Daim, T. (2008). A taxonomic review of methods and tools applied in technology assessment. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75(9), 13961405. 10.1016/j.techfore.2008.04.004
  56. van der Maarel, S., Verweij, D., Kramer, E.-H., & Molendijk, T. (2023). “This is not what I signed up for”: Sociotechnical imaginaries, expectations, and disillusionment in a Dutch military innovation hub. Science, Technology, & Human Values. 10.1177/01622439231211032
  57. van Lente, H., Spitters, C., & Peine, A. (2013). Comparing technological hype cycles: Towards a theory. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(8), 16151628. 10.1016/j.techfore.2012.12.004
  58. Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186204. 10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926
  59. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
  60. Zhang, C., Schießl, J., Plößl, L., Hofmann, F., & Gläser-Zikuda, M. (2023). Acceptance of artificial intelligence among pre-service teachers: A multigroup analysis. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 49. 10.1186/s41239-023-00420-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.475 | Journal eISSN: 2596-3856
Language: English
Page range: 261 - 276
Submitted on: Sep 1, 2025
Accepted on: Apr 15, 2026
Published on: Apr 29, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Magnus Ravn Skou, published by Scandinavian Military Studies
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.