Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Marginal effect of agricultural extension access and cooperative membership (N = 389)
| Variables | Extension service dy/dx | Cooperative membership dy/dx |
|---|---|---|
| Cooperative membership | 0.30**(0.151) | 0.00 |
| Media access | 0.99***(0.193) | –0.27(0.200) |
| Total livestock unit (TLU) | –0.01(0.026) | 0.05*(0.026) |
| Access to credit | –0.38*(0.197) | 0.70***(0.207) |
| Market distance | –0.00(0.005) | 0.01*(0.005) |
| Market information | 0.10(0.143) | –0.04(0.143) |
| Gender | –0.57**(0.237) | –0.02(0.248) |
| Marital status | –0.34**(0.172) | 0.81***(0.307) |
| Education | 0.09***(0.022) | –0.02(0.022) |
| Age of household | 0.02**(0.008) | 0.00(0.008) |
| Family size | –0.17***(0.040) | –0.10**(0.040) |
| Farmland size | 0.05(0.094) | 0.09(0.103) |
| Extension access | 0.00 | 0.44***(0.157) |
| Constant | 0.00(0.675) | –3.84***(0.908) |
Impact of extension access and cooperative membership on annual household asset ownership
| Welfare measurement | Outcome variable (measures of welfare) | Treated (1)/untreated (0) | Extension access | Cooperative membership |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1/0) | Potential outcome coefficient | Potential outcome coefficient | ||
| Change in asset ownership | Total estimated asset value | Untreated = 0 | 21,878.14*** | 33,148.87*** |
| Treated = 1 | 51,320.6*** | 34,555.92*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 29,442.46*** | 1,407.05*** | ||
| Estimated physical asset value | Untreated = 0 | 16,991.23*** | 23,620.65*** | |
| Treated = 1 | 38,540.44*** | 27,856.51*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 21,549.21*** | 4,235.86*** | ||
| Estimated livestock asset value | Untreated = 0 | 21,239.03*** | 29,525.82*** | |
| Treated = 1 | 48,175.55*** | 34,820.64*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 26,936.52*** | 5,294.82*** | ||
| Another estimated asset value | Untreated = 0 | 4,247.81*** | 5,905.16*** | |
| Treated = 1 | 9,635.11*** | 6,964.13*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 5,387.30*** | 1,058.96** |
Impact of agricultural extension access and cooperative membership on welfare to improved annual asset ownership (IPWRA)
| Type of mean of outcome variables | Monetary value of mean measured outcome variables | Mean of outcome variables based on weighted observations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extension access | Cooperative membership | ||||||
| Treated (j = 1) | Untreated (j = 0) | ATT | Treated (j = 1) | Untreated (j = 0) | ATT | ||
| Change in asset ownership | Total asset | 9.83 | 9.50***(0.05) | 0.33***(0.10) | 9.64 | 9.50***(0.10) | 0.14*(0.08) |
Impact of agricultural extension access and cooperative membership on annual expenditure (IPWRA)
| Type of outcome variables | Monetary value of mean measured outcome variables | Mean of outcome variables based on weighted observations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extension access | Cooperative member | ||||||
| Treated (j = 1) | Untreated (j = 0) | ATT | Treated (j = 1) | Untreated (j = 0) | ATT | ||
| Change in expenditure | Annual total expenditure | 11.01 | 10.7***(0.04) | 0.31***(0.05) | 10.88 | 10.8***(–0.05) | 0.08(0.06) |
| Annual expenditure per adult equivalent | 9.83 | 9.5***(0.1) | 0.33***(0.1) | 9.65 | 9.52***(0.1) | 0.13*(0.01) | |
Impact of agricultural extension access and cooperative membership on welfare to In of annual income (IPWRA)
| Type of mean of outcome variables | Monetary value of mean measured outcome variables | Mean of outcome variables based on weighted observations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extension access | Cooperative membership | ||||||
| Treated (j = 1) | Untreated (j = 0) | ATT | Treated (j = 1) | Untreated (j = 0) | ATT | ||
| Change in ln of annual income | Annual farm income | 11.20 | 10.60***(0.05) | 0.60***(0.01) | 10.90 | 10.80***(0.01) | 0.10(0.06) |
| Annual total income | 11.38 | 10.90***(0.05) | 0.48***(0.01) | 11.20 | 11.10***(-0.06) | 0.10(0.06) | |
| Annual per capita income | 9.42 | 9.15***(.04) | .27*** (.04) | 9.27 | 9.24***(.04) | .04(.04) | |
Impact of extension access and cooperative membership on annual household expenditure
| Welfare measurement | Outcome variable (measures of welfare) | Treated (1) and untreated (0) | Extension access | Cooperative membership |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Potential outcome coefficient | Potential outcome coefficient | |||
| Change in expenditure | Annual food consumption expenditure | Untreated = 0 | 38,392.28*** | 39,794.33*** |
| Treated = 1 | 49,514.95*** | 44,597.12*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 11,122.67*** | 4,802.79*** | ||
| Annual non-food consumption expenditure | Untreated = 0 | 9,598.07*** | 9,948.581*** | |
| Treated = 1 | 12,378.74*** | 11,149.28*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 2,780.67*** | 1,200.699*** | ||
| Annual total consumption expenditure | Untreated = 0 | 47,990.35*** | 49,742.91*** | |
| Treated =1 | 61,893.69*** | 55,746.4*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 13,903.34*** | 6,003.49*** | ||
| Annual total expenditure per adult equivalent | Untreated = 0 | 15,910.69*** | 16,909.66*** | |
| Treated =1 | 21,135.59*** | 18,738.79*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 5,224.9*** | 1,829.13*** |
Impact of extension access and cooperative membership on annual monetary income of households
| Welfare measurement type | Outcome variable (measures of welfare) | Treated (1)/untreated group (0) | Extension access | Cooperative membership |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (with = 1, without = 0) | (member = 1, non-member = 0) | |||
| Potential outcome coefficient | Potential outcome coefficient | |||
| Change in annual monetary income (ETB) | Annual farm income | Untreated = 0 | 41,712.24*** | 48,564.98*** |
| Treated = 1 | 61,454.2*** | 49,931.64*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 19,741.96*** | 1,366.66*** | ||
| Annual of farm income | Untreated = 0 | 10,428.06*** | 12,141.24*** | |
| Treated = 1 | 15,363.55*** | 12,482.91*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 4,935.49*** | 341.67*** | ||
| Annual total income | Untreated = 0 | 52,140.3*** | 60,706.22*** | |
| Treated = 1 | 76,817.74*** | 62,414.55*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 24,677.44*** | 1,708.33*** | ||
| Annual per capita income | Untreated = 0 | 10,607.98*** | 12,213.52 *** | |
| Treated = 1 | 13,837.6*** | 12,256.48*** | ||
| Difference (ATT) | 3,229.6*** | 42.96*** |
Mean comparison of users and non-users
| Household variables description | N = 392 | Agricultural extension service | Cooperative membership | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of treated = 171 | Number of controlled = 221 | ΔM | Number of treated = 171 | Number of controlled = 221 | ΔM | ||
| Annual food expenditure (ETB) | 42,410.7 | 48,561.7 | 37,651.4 | 10,910.4*** | 45,996.5 | 39,206.0 | 6,790.5** |
| Annual non-food expenditure (ETB) | 10,602.7 | 12,140.4 | 9,412.8 | 2,727.6*** | 11,499.1 | 9,801.5 | 1,697.6** |
| Annual total expenditure (ETB) | 53,013.4 | 60,702.2 | 47,064.2 | 13,637.9*** | 57,495.7 | 49,007.5 | 8,488.0** |
| Total expenditure PAE (ETB) | 17,816.2 | 20,361.9 | 15,858.1 | 4,503.7*** | 18,836.7 | 16,909.2 | 1,927.4 |
| Annual farm income (ETB) | 49,626.4 | 60,811.5 | 40,971.8 | 19,839.7*** | 52,248.6 | 47,282.9 | 4,965.7*** |
| Off farm income (ETB) | 12,406.6 | 15,202.9 | 10,243.0 | 4,959.9*** | 13,062.2 | 11,820.7 | 1,241.4*** |
| Total annual income (ETB) | 62,033.0 | 76,014.4 | 51,214.8 | 24,799.6*** | 65,310.8 | 59,103.6 | 6,207.2*** |
| Total asset in monetary value (ETB) | 34,275.2 | 51,308.2 | 21,095.9 | 30,212.3*** | 38,119.7 | 30,839.3 | 7,280.4*** |
| Physical asset monetary value (ETB) | 25,922.6 | 38,443.0 | 16,234.8 | 22,208.2*** | 30,369.7 | 21,948.1 | 8,421.6*** |
| Livestock asset monetary value (ETB) | 32,403.2 | 48,053.8 | 20,293.5 | 27,760.3*** | 37,962.1 | 27,435.1 | 10,526.0*** |
| Other assets monetary value (ETB) | 6,480.6 | 9,610.8 | 4,058.7 | 5,552.1*** | 7,592.4 | 5,487.0 | 2,105.4*** |
| Cooperative membership (1/0) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1** | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1** |
| Mass media access (radio/TV = 1/0) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3*** | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
| Agricultural extension (1/0) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1** | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1** |
| Livestock ownership (TLU) | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 0.3 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 0.9*** |
| Access to credit (1/0) | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2*** | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 *** |
| Distance to market (km) | 18.5 | 18.3 | 18.6 | –0.4 | 19.9 | 17.2 | 2.8** |
| Market information (30 km or below far from main road of zonal town = 1/0) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 |
| Sex of household head (male = 1) | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.1** | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
| Education of household head (years) | 3.8 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 1.5*** | 3.7 | 3.9 | –0.2 |
| Age of household head | 49.7 | 50.8 | 48.7 | 2.1*** | 49.1 | 50.2 | 1.1 |
| Household family size | 6.2 | 5.8 | 6.5 | –0.7*** | 6.0 | 6.4 | 0.4** |
| Adult equivalent family size | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 | –0.1 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 0.1 |
| Total farm size in (ha) | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.3*** |