Evaluation of ecological risk analysis for benthic macroinvertebrates in paddy fields in the Meriç–Ergene River Basin (Turkish Thrace)

Aydın, Gazel Burcu; Çamur-Elipek, Belgin

doi:10.26881/oandhs-2022.2.09

Figures & Tables

Sampling locations according to irrigation water source (M1, M2 – Meriç River; A1, A2 – Artesian water; E1, E2 – Ergene River; ME1, ME2 – mixed water of the Meriç and Ergene rivers)

a – Dendrogram of similarity of the sampling locations for benthic macroinvertebrates; b – Dendrogram of similarity of the sampling seasons for benthic macroinvertebrates

Dendrogram of similarity of the seasons for physicochemical properties

Correspondence analysis of the sampling locations for benthic macroinvertebrates

Potential ecological risk index graph of the sampling locations (PERI)

Multinomial biological risk index graph for the sampling locations (BRI)

Number of benthic macroinvertebrate individuals per m2 in different seasons

	Benthic macroinvertebrates	Seasons
	Benthic macroinvertebrates	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Average
Oligochaeta GROUP	Henlea perpusilla	133	0	0	44
	Lumbriculus variegatus	0	0	178	59
	Stylodrilus heringianus	0	211	33	82
	Eiseniella tetraedra	6	11	28	15
	Aulophorus furcatus	0	0	28	9
	Chaetogaster limnaei	0	0	100	33
	Dero digitata	0	28	0	9
	Pristina longiseta	0	11	22	11
	Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri	0	694	150	281
	Limnodrilus sp.	0	0	283	95
	Tubifex tubifex	0	78	211	97
	Oligochaeta (unidentified)	56	0	400	152
Chironomidae GROUP	Tanypus punctipennis	0	0	56	18
	Halocladius fucicola	0	156	0	52
	Chironomus plumosus	161	1983	44	729
	Chironomus tentans	0	4178	0	1393
	Cladotanytarsus defectus	0	83	22	35
	Kiefferulus tendipediformis	0	6	0	2
	Polypedilum convictum	0	0	428	143
	Polypedilum nubifer	44	2361	2711	1706
	Cladotanytarsus mancus	28	0	0	9
	Virgatanytarsus arduennensis	0	150	0	50
	Chironomidae (unidentified)	0	183	0	61
Other Insecta GROUP	Cloeon dipterum	11	33	222	89
	Ischnura elegans	0	6	28	11
	Orthetrum albistylum	0	0	33	11
	Sigara lateralis	11	11	11	11
	Sigara striata	0	0	83	27
	Corixidae (nymph)	0	206	0	69
	Hydroglyphus geminus	0	267	4711	1659
	Peltodytes caesus	72	0	0	24
	Berosus spinosus	17	0	0	6
	Coleoptera ( larvae)	100	117	33	83
	Ceratopogonidae	6	0	11	6
	Culicidae	0	6	356	120
	Ephydridae	0	44	22	22
	Stratiomyidae	0	33	44	26
Other Taxa GROUP	Nematoda	567	1411	161	713
	Erpobdella octoculata	0	22	11	11
	Physella acuta	61	306	178	182
	Gyraulus piscinarum	0	28	11	13
	Planorbis carinatus	0	189	0	63
	Planorbis sp.	111	33	67	70
	Ostracoda	122	1378	0	500
	Hydrachnidae	0	61	6	22
	Diplostraca	0	0	383	128
	Gammarus komareki	0	6	0	2
	Total Oligochaeta	195	1033	1433	887
	Total Chironomidae	233	9100	3261	4198
	Total Other Insecta	217	723	5554	2164
	Total Other Taxa	861	3434	817	1704
	Total	1506	14290	11065	8953
	Number of taxa	16	32	33	47

Hypothesis effect matrix and relative values

Pressure elements	Criteria
Pressure elements	Oligochaeta	Chironomidae	Other Insecta	Other taxa
Heavy metals (S1)	2	2	1	1
Nutrients (S2)	2	1	1	1
Other physicochemical parameters (S3)	1	1	1	1
Pesticides (S4)	3	3	2	1

The scale used to represent the risk factors of Eir, Ri, ERM-Qi and mERM-Q (Long et al_ 2005)

Potential Ecological Risk Assessment				Biological Risk Assessment
Eⁱ_r	Potential ecological risk for monomial factors	R_I	Potential ecological risk for multinomial factors	ERM-Qi and mERM-Q	Biological toxicity risk for monomial and multinomial factors
< 40	low ecological risk	< 95	low ecological risk	< 0.1	low priority side
40–80	moderate ecological risk	95–190	moderate ecological risk	0.1–0.5	medium-low priority side
80–160	considerable ecological risk	190–380	considerable ecological risk	0.5–1.5	high-medium priority side
160–320	high ecological risk	> 380	very high ecological risk	> 1.5	high priority side
> 320	very high ecological risk

Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrate species per m2 at the sampling locations (Ave – average, Abd – abundance, TA – total abundance)

Macroinvertebrates	Sampling locations
Macroinvertebrates	A	M	E	ME	ME	Ave	Abd	TA
Oligochaeta GROUP	Henlea perpusilla	66	14	0	96	44	5	0.5
	Lumbriculus variegatus	0	0	0	236	59	6.7	0.7
	Stylodrilus heringianus	0	246	0	82	82	9.2	0.9
	Eiseniella tetraedra	44	0	0	14	15	1.6	0.2
	Aulophorus furcatus	36	0	0	0	9	1	0.1
	Chaetogaster limnaei	134	0	0	0	34	3.8	0.4
	Dero digitata	38	0	0	0	9	1.1	0.1
	Pristina longiseta	14	0	0	30	11	1.2	0.1
	Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri	1104	22	0	0	281	31.8	3.1
	Limnodrilus sp.	378	0	0	0	94	10.7	1.1
	Tubifex tubifex	0	104	0	282	96	10.9	1.1
	Oligochaeta (unidentified)	548	0	0	58	152	17.1	1.7
Chironomidae GROUP	Tanypus punctipennis	0	0	74	0	19	0.4	0.2
	Halocladius fucicola	0	208	0	0	52	1.2	0.6
	Chironomus plumosus	60	408	296	2154	730	17.4	8.1
	Chironomus tentans	0	0	5570	0	1393	33.2	15.6
	Cryptochironomus defectus	0	110	0	30	35	0.8	0.4
	Kiefferulus tendipediformis	0	6	0	0	2	0.1	0.1
	Polypedilum convictum	0	0	572	0	143	3.4	1.6
	Polypedilum nubifer	192	1926	4170	534	1705	40.6	19.1
	Cladotanytarsus mancus	0	38	0	0	9	0.2	0.1
	Virgatanytarsus arduennensis	90	112	0	0	50	1.2	0.6
	Chironomidae (unidentified)	244	0	0	0	61	1.5	0.7
Other Taxa GROUP	Cloeon dipterum	14	58	266	14	88	4.1	1
	Ischnura elegans	0	8	28	8	11	0.5	0.1
	Orthetrum albistylum	0	8	38	0	11	0.5	0.1
	Sigara lateralis	0	0	44	0	11	0.5	0.1
	Sigara striata	0	0	112	0	28	1.3	0.3
	Corixidae (nymph)	8	214	28	22	68	3.1	0.8
	Hydroglyphus geminus	4414	222	1978	22	1659	76.7	18.5
	Peltodytes caesus	0	0	0	96	24	1.1	0.3
	Berosus spinosus	22	0	0	0	5	0.3	0.1
	Coleoptera ( larvae)	30	52	112	140	84	3.9	0.9
	Ceratopogonidae	8	0	8	8	6	0.3	0.1
	Culicidae	8	0	466	8	121	5.6	1.3
	Ephydridae	22	0	66	0	22	1	0.2
	Stratiomyidae	28	0	22	52	26	1.2	0.3
Other Taxa GROUP	Nematoda	1504	282	556	512	713	41.9	8
	Erpobdella octoculata	8	8	28	0	11	0.6	0.1
	Physella acuta	206	52	186	282	182	10.7	2
	Gyraulus piscinarum	0	0	14	38	13	0.8	0.1
	Planorbis carinatus	0	8	0	244	63	3.7	0.7
	Planorbis sp.	44	88	0	148	70	4.1	0,8
	Ostracoda	1874	126	0	0	500	29.3	5.6
	Hydrachnidae	0	44	8	36	22	1.3	0.2
	Diplostraca	0	0	512	0	128	7.5	1.4
	Gammarus komareki	8	0	0	0	2	0.1	0
Oligochaeta Total		2362	386	0	798	886	100	9,9
Chironomidae Total		586	2808	10682	2718	4199	100	46,9
Other Insecta Total		4554	562	3168	370	2164	100	24,2
Other Taxa Total		3644	608	1304	1260	1704	100	19
Total		11146	4364	15154	5146	8953	100	100
Number of taxa		28	24	23	25	47

Concentrations of the determined pesticides in water samples (ppm)

Pesticide	Station
Pesticide	Artesian	Meriç	Ergene	Meriç-Ergene
Acetamiprid	0.0227	0.0497	1.2092	0.672
Azoxystrobin	0.0401	1.0789	13.6247	0.2291
Carbendazim	0.374	1.8176	2.163	0.9806
Carbofuran	0.0069	0.0105	^*	^*
Cyproconazole	^*	^*	12.3969	^*
Dicrotophos	^*	0.0122	^*	0.0097
Dimoxystrobin-688	0.0416	^*	^*	0.0488
Ethiofencarb	^*	0.0549	0.0734	0.0677
Fluoxastrobin-698	0.0749	0.2242	0.1022	0.0803
Flutriafol	0.1847	0.1777	0.2103	0.1871
Forchlorfenuron-706	0.6974	1.3388	1.1613	2.4202
Mandipropamid	^*	^*	^*	0.0703
Monocrotophos	0.0062	0.0102	^*	0.0098
Pirimicarb	0.0097	0.01	0.0052	0.0066
Prometryn	0.021	^*	^*	^*
Spiroxamine	^*	0.0546	^*	0.0721
Tebuthiuron	0.0204	0.0113	0.0228	0.0206
Thiabendazole	0.0402	0.0353	0.0276	0.0228
Thiacloprid	0.0229	0.025	0.026	0.0273
Trifloxystrobin	0.1061	0.1048	0.1055	0.0507
Vamidathion	0.0051	0.0087	0.0036	0.0077
Number of pesticides	16 kinds	17 kinds	15 kinds	18 kinds

Results of the potential ecological risk index associated with the presence of heavy metals measured in sediment at sampling sites

Water resources	Eⁱ_r				R_I
Water resources	Cd	Cu	Ni	Mn	R_I
Artesian	26.826	0.610	0.139	0.016	27.591
Meriç River	49.125	1.233	0.078	0.015	50.451
Ergene River	25.215	0.458	0.122	0.017	25.811
Meriç-Ergene mixed	32.280	0.476	0.086	0.016	32.857

Results of the hypothetical impact matrix

Stressors assessment	S1	S2	S3	S4	Row sum
Stressors assessment	S1	S2	S3	S4	(impact assessment)
S1	0	1	2	–3	0
S2	–1	0	1	–4	–4
S3	–2	–1	0	–5	–8
S4	3	4	5	0	12

Sampling locations

Sampling location	Location of paddy fields	Irrigation water source	Coordinates
A1	Havsa (Necatiye village)	Artesian water	41°30’20”N; 26°53’28”E
A2^*	Tekirdağ (Hayrabolu)	Artesian water	41°13’05”N; 27°06’58”E
M1	Meriç (Küplü village)	Meriç River	41°02’10”N; 26°20’36”E
M2^*	Edirne (Kapikule)	Meriç River	41°42’37”N; 26°22’31”E
E1	Uzunköprü (Çiftlik village)	Ergene River	41°14’27”N; 26°37’02”E
E2^*	Uzunköprü (Centrum)	Ergene River	41°15’46”N; 26°41’32”E
ME1	Ipsala (Border Gate)	Meriç + Ergene River	40°55’47”N; 26°20’50”E
ME2^*	Ipsala (Yenikarpuzlu village)	Meriç + Ergene River	40°46’38”N; 26°17’08”E

Biological risk index results for sediments at the sampling locations

Water resources	ERM-Q_i
Water resources	Cd	Cu	Ni	mERM-Q_i
Artesian	0.049	0.009	0.02	0.026
Meriç River	0.09	0.018	0.01	0.039
Ergene River	0.046	0.007	0.02	0.024
Meriç-Ergene mixed	0.059	0.007	0.01	0.025

Reference values for the analyzed heavy metals (Cin), toxicity coefficient (Tir), medium effect range (ERM) (Hakanson 1980; Xu et al_ 2008)

Element	R_I		mERM-Q
Element	Cⁱ_n	Tⁱ_r	ERM
Cd	0.5	30	9
Cu	30	5	390
Ni	50	5	50
Mn	860	1	-

Concentration of heavy metals in sediment samples (ppm)

Water resources	Heavy metals
Water resources	Cd	Ni	Cu	Mn
Artesian	0.441	1.388	3.659	13.722
Meriç River	0.818	0.78	7.397	13.169
Ergene River	0.42	1.217	2.748	14.405
Meriç–Ergene rivers (mixed)	0.538	0.858	2.855	13.485

Physicochemical parameters at the sampling locations in the study season

	Unit	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Average	Standard Deviation	Water quality
Temperature	°C	26.3	30.9	20.5	25.9	± 5.2	II
pH		8.8	7.6	5.8	7.4	± 1.5	I
Conductivity	μS cm^-1	813.5	1707.5	2437.1	1652.7	± 813.2	III
Salinity	‰	0.5	0.8	1.3	0.9	± 0.4	-
TDS 500		500	1100	1400	1000	± 458.2	I
Ca⁺²	mg l^-1	53.3	33.2	57.9	48.1	± 13.1	-
Mg⁺²		6.1	4.2	0.0	3.4	± 3.1	-
T.H.	FS^o	18.9	7.6	38.5	21.7	± 15.6	-
NO₂-N		0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	± 0.1	I
NO₃-N		4.5	2.6	1.8	3	± 1.4	I
PO₄^-3	mg l^-1	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	± 0.1	II
SO₄^-2		3.6	3.1	2.7	3.1	± 0.5	I
D.O.		4	5.6	3.5	4.4	± 1.1	III

Evaluation of ecological risk analysis for benthic macroinvertebrates in paddy fields in the Meriç–Ergene River Basin (Turkish Thrace)

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Number of benthic macroinvertebrate individuals per m2 in different seasons

Hypothesis effect matrix and relative values

The scale used to represent the risk factors of Eir, Ri, ERM-Qi and mERM-Q (Long et al_ 2005)

Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrate species per m2 at the sampling locations (Ave – average, Abd – abundance, TA – total abundance)

Concentrations of the determined pesticides in water samples (ppm)

Results of the potential ecological risk index associated with the presence of heavy metals measured in sediment at sampling sites

Results of the hypothetical impact matrix

Sampling locations

Biological risk index results for sediments at the sampling locations

Reference values for the analyzed heavy metals (Cin), toxicity coefficient (Tir), medium effect range (ERM) (Hakanson 1980; Xu et al_ 2008)

Concentration of heavy metals in sediment samples (ppm)

Physicochemical parameters at the sampling locations in the study season

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