Figure 1
Location of the study area.
Figure 2
Shoreline change in the coast of Vinh Long Province from 1980 to 2025.
Figure 3
Beach profiles at study area.
Figure 4
Coupled model domain bathymetry and boundaries (Trinh Dinh & Viet, 2026).
Figure 5
Spatial layout and meshes of the coastal protection project on the Vinh Long province coast. (A). Option 1. (B). Option 2.
Table 1
Input data of the scenario simulations.
| Scenario | Option | Time | Discharge | Wind | Wave | SSC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0 | 9/2017 | My Thuan, Can Tho | NE | 9/2017 | 9/2017 |
| 2 | 0 | 6/2024 | SW | 6/2024 | 6/2024 | |
| 3 | 1 | 9/2017 | NE | 9/2017 | 9/2017 | |
| 4 | 1 | 6/2024 | SW | 6/2024 | 6/2024 | |
| 5 | 2 | 9/2017 | NE | 9/2017 | 9/2017 | |
| 6 | 2 | 6/2024 | SW | 6/2024 | 6/2024 |
Figure 6
Wave field in NE wind and SW wind. NE, northeast; SW, southwest.
Figure 7
Distribution of the maximum wave height at 19 data points.
Figure 8
Comparison of flood and ebb tidal current fields across the three modeling scenarios (Option 0, Option 1, and Option 2) under NE monsoon forcing. (A). Flood tide current field of Option 0. (B). Ebb tide current field of Option 0. (C). Flood tide current field of Option 1. (D). Ebb tide current field of Option 1. (E). Flood tide current field of Option 2. (F). Ebb tide current field of Option 2. NE, northeast.
Figure 9
Comparison of flood and ebb tidal current fields across the three modeling scenarios (Option 0, Option 1, and Option 2) under SW monsoon forcing. (A). Flood tide current field of Option 0. (B). Ebb tide current field of Option 0. (C). Flood tide current field of Option 1. (D). Ebb tide current field of Option 1. (E). Flood tide current field of Option 2. (F). Ebb tide current field of Option 2. SW, southwest.
Figure 10
Distribution of the maximum current speed at 19 data points.
Figure 11
Bed thickness change and maximum bed thickness changes at 19 data points. (A). Option 0. (B). Option 1. (C). Option 2. (D). Maximum bed thickness changes at 19 data points.
Table 2
Quantitative morphodynamic metrics across simulated scenarios.
| Metric | Option 0 (baseline) | Option 1 (groynes) | Option 2 (breakwaters) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Erosion-accretion area ratio | ∼90:10 (erosion dominant) | ∼25:75 (accretion dominant) | ∼15:85 (accretion dominant) |
| Domain-wide mean bed-level change | −8.0 cm to −10.0 cm (net erosion) | 6/2024 | +0.3 to +0.5 cm (net accretion) |
| Maximum scour depth & behavior | Broad, generalized nearshore erosion >10.0 cm | 9/2017 | Minor, distributed edge scour near structure ends |