Seasonal dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and water quality in Lake Sapanca (Türkiye): A multimetric assessment

Seasons	Parameters	WT.	DO	pH	EC	Depth	NO₂-N	NO₃-N	PO₄-P	TP
Spring 2020	Unit	(°C)	(mg · L⁻¹)		(µS · cm⁻¹)	(m)	mg · L⁻¹	mg · L⁻¹	mg · L⁻¹	mg · L⁻¹
	St 1	9.7	6.03	7.85	274	14	0.0112	0.0243	0.0035	0.0085
	St 2	13	7.91	6.99	235	15	0.0223	0.0285	0.0062	0.0053
	St 3	9.9	8.25	8.01	122	52	0.0133	0.0188	0.0111	0.0103
	St 4	11.8	7.09	7.83	259	17	0.0064	0.0181	0.0027	0.0077
	St 5	8.3	0.18	7.94	146	16	0.016	0.0255	0.0194	0.0053
	Average	10.54	5.89	7.72	207.2	22.8	0.01384	0.02304	0.00858	0.00742
	SKKY (2004)	I	II	I	I		I	I	I	I
Summer 2020	St 1	15.4	10.95	7.74	310	14	0.0015	0.0364	0.0038	0.0086
	St 2	18.8	9.17	7.85	325	15	0.0005	0.0305	0.0132	0.0157
	St 3	19.4	10.29	8.03	336	52	0.0088	0.0106	0.0041	0.0031
	St 4	16.5	7.52	7.34	386	17	0.0052	0.0104	0.0034	0.0029
	St 5	17.8	10.9	7.65	244	16	0.008	0.0021	0.0087	0.0031
	Average	17.58	9.76	7.72	320.2	22.8	0.0048	0.018	0.00664	0.00668
	SKKY (2004)	I	I	I	I		I	I	I	I
Autumn 2020	St 1	15.5	11.93	7.38	330	14	0.0178	0.0417	0.0056	0.0103
	St 2	20.9	2.35	7.04	374	16	0.0139	0.0101	0.0114	0.0114
	St 3	18.5	13.32	8.08	370	52	0.0068	0.0141	0.0078	0.0083
	St 4	16.3	10.77	7.11	366	17	0.0017	0.0836	0.0001	0.0072
	St 5	16.1	12.5	7.22	280	16	0.0049	0.0268	0.0003	0.0093
	Average	17.46	10.17	7.37	344	23	0.00902	0.03526	0.00504	0.0093
	SKKY (2004)	I	I	I	I		I	I	I	I
Winter 2021	St 1	8.7	7.72	7.35	269	14	0.0011	0.1331	0.0007	0.0178
	St 2	8.8	8.27	7.56	283	17	0.0163	0.1121	0.0011	0.0089
	St 3	7.6	8.14	8.28	221	52	0.0241	0.0668	0.0014	0.0124
	St 4	7.7	8.71	7.29	227	17	0.0167	0.0996	0.0011	0.0222
	St 5	8.33	8.39	7.38	207	16	0.009	0.0541	0.0002	0.0032
	Average	8.22	8.24	7.57	241.4	23.2	0.01344	0.09314	0.0009	0.0129
	SKKY (2004)	I	I	I	I		I	I	I	I

[i] DO, dissolved oxygen; EC, electrical conductivity; TP, total phosphorus; WT, water temperature.

Seasonal distribution of WT and DO values in Sapanca Lake. DO, dissolved oxygen; WT, water temperature.

Table 2

NPI values of Sapanca Lake by stations.

	St 1	St 2	St 3	St 4	St 5
Spring	0.0781	0.1335	0.228267	0.060033	0.3965
Summer	0.88133	0.274167	0.085533	0.071467	0.1747
Autumn	0.1259	0.231367	0.1607	0.039867	0.014933
Winter	0.058367	0.059367	0.050267	0.0552	0.022033

[i] NPI, nutrient pollution index.

Table 3

Benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of Sapanca Lake and its seasonal distribution.

	Spring (2020)					Summer (2020)					Autumn (2020)					Winter (2021)
Ephemeroptera	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5	1	2	3	4	5	Total	Abundance
Baetis sp.	68					215			^a	^a						215	146		^a	156	800	2.90
Caenis sp.	146		215			68			^a	^a	1191	283				430	68		^a	1000	3401	11.95
Ephemera danica	146		68						^a	^a	146					430			^a		790	2.84
Coleoptera									^a	^a									^a		0
Agabus adpressus	68	68				361			^a	^a						68			^a		565	1.99
Hygrobia hermanni	215					68			^a	^a	361								^a		644	2.26
Isopoda									^a	^a									^a		0
Asellus sp.	430								^a	^a						68			^a		498	1.75
Gammarus sp.	869					283			^a	^a	215					791			^a		2158	7.58
Gastropoda									^a	^a									^a		0
Borysthenia naticina	68		215	10		156		215	^a	^a									^a		664	2.33
Theodoxus fluviatilis fluviatilis	215		68						^a	^a									^a		283	1
Viviparus viviparus	49								^a	^a	20		166			29		10	^a		274	0.96
Fagotia esperi	68					29		20	^a	^a									^a		117	0.41
Radix labiata								29	^a	^a									^a		29	0.1
Planorbis intermixtus	430					88		49	^a	^a			10			10			^a		587	2.06
Lithoglyphus naticoides	20							29	^a	^a									^a		49	0.18
Lymnaea stagnalis	68		10						^a	^a									^a		78	0.30
Physella acuta	137		49	20		117			^a	^a						313		20	^a		656	2.30
Unio pictorum	49								^a	^a									^a		49	0.17
Anodonta cygnea	20			29					^a	^a								10	^a		59	0.02
Dreissena polymorpha	166								^a	^a						127			^a		293	1.02
Oligochaeta
Potamothrix hammoniensis				68				39	^a	^a							127		^a		234	0.82
Limnodrilus udekemianus									^a	^a	107	88			67				^a	133	395	1.40
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri			10		89		20		^a	^a			146	68				39	^a		372	1.30
Chironomidae
Chironomus tentans	68								^a	^a	1016				822	1514			^a	1311	4731	16.63
Chironomus plumosus	68								^a	^a	146					576			^a		790	2.8
Chironomus reductus			215						^a	^a						68			^a		283	1
Chironomus halophilus			430						^a	^a						68			^a	489	987	3.46
Procladius (Holotanypus) sp			68		333				^a	^a						146			^a	3111	3658	12.90
Dicrotendipes nervosus									^a	^a									^a	489	489	1.71
Polypedilum bicrenatum									^a	^a									^a	2133	2133	7.50
Polypedilum convictum									^a	^a						214	1582		^a		1796	6.31
Polypedilum scalaenum									^a	^a							429		^a	156	585	2.05
Total organisms	3368	68	1348	127	422	1385	20	381	^a	^a	3202	371	322	68	889	5067	2352	79	^a	8978	28 447	100

a It means that no organisms were found at the stations.

Table 4

Spearman correlation analysis of physicochemical parameters in Sapanca Lake.

	WT	pH	EC	NO₃-N	PO₄-P
WT	1,000
pH	−0, 111	1,000
EC	0,770^**	0,212	1,000
NO₃-N	−0,630^**	−0,195	−0,262	1,000
PO₄-P	0,388	0,353	0,020	−0,596^**	1,000

*: correlation is significant at 0.01 level (p < 0.01)

**: correlation is significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed).

-: indicated, that no statistically significant correlation was detected

EC, electrical conductivity; WT, water temperature.

Seasonal Bray-Curtis similarity dendrogram of Lake Sapanca.

CCA diagram of benthic macroinvertebrates and water parameters in Sapanca Lake. CCA, canonical correspondence analysis.

Table 5

BMWP Index values of Sapanca Lake by sampling stations.

	St 1	St 2	St 3	St 4	St 5
BMWP score (Spanish version)	60	27	24	23	17
Standard	0.11	0.85	0.19	0.26	0.34
Margalef diversity	3.8	1.7	2.8	1.9	2.18
Standard	0.21	0.26	0.34	0.27	0.16
ECO (Index value)	0.61	0.56	0.72	0.8	0.34
EQR	Moderate	Moderate	Good	Good	Moderate

[i] EQR, ecological quality ratio.

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2026.1.25 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X

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Language: English

Page range: 344 - 360

Submitted on: Jul 5, 2026

Accepted on: Aug 10, 2026

Published on: Sep 7, 2026

Published by: University of Gdańsk

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Sapanca,

BMWP,

Benthic macroinvertebrate,

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© 2026 Serap Koşal Şahin, Menekşe Taş Divrik, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 55 (2026): Issue 3 (September 2026)

Seasonal dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages and water quality in Lake Sapanca (Türkiye): A multimetric assessment

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