Could Ilıca Stream (Antalya-Türkiye) become a new stronghold for Garra turcica (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)? An evaluation of ecological and population parameters

This study presents the first data on the growth and reproductive characteristics of a population of the freshwater fish Garra turcica outside its natural distribution area (Antalya–Ilıca Stream). It is thought that the species was most likely introduced to the region through “fish spa” practices. In all, 505 individuals were captured during sampling in 2025. The total length of the individuals ranged from 32.38 to 136.65 mm, and their ages ranged from 0 to 5 years. The average (absolute) fecundity was 1533.44 ± 133.02 eggs, and the breeding season occurred between May and August. The average age at first sexual maturity was 1.03 years, and the average length was 69.47 mm. Although four endemic and one native species were recorded in the study area, G. turcica exhibited the highest population density. However, as direct ecological impacts were not assessed in this study, its potential influence on native communities remains to be clarified. These findings provide baseline data for future evaluations of the species’ establishment dynamics and possible ecological implications.