Health risk assessment of the heavy metal levels in marketed Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) from the Urla Coast (Eastern Aegean Sea, Türkiye)

Elif Çağrı Taş

doi:10.26881/oahs-2026.1.04

Figures & Tables

Seasonal distribution of Zn concentrations (mg · kg−1 ww) in liver, gill, and muscle tissues of L. aurata.

Seasonal distribution of Cu concentrations (mg · kg−1 ww) in liver, gill, and muscle tissues of L. aurata.

Seasonal distribution of Pb concentrations (mg · kg−1 ww) in liver, gill, and muscle tissues of L. aurata.

Seasonal distribution of Cd concentrations (mg · kg−1 ww) in liver, gill, and muscle tissues of L. aurata.

Levels of heavy metals in mullet species from different regions of the world (mean ± SE mg · kg−1 ww)_

Tissue	Species	Study Area	Cd	Cu	Pb	Zn	Reference
Liver	L. aurata	Ca’diz Bay (Spain)	0.14-0.51	13.7-64.0	0.25-0.48	30.6-81.8	Usero et al. (2003)
	L. aurata	*Caspian Sea (Iran)	1.07 ±0.68	160.39 ± 40.01	2.60 ±0.76	78.97 ± 29.93	Jelodar et al. (2011)
	L. aurata	Akyatan Lagoon (Türkiye)	0.07 ±0.01	19.0 ±3.12	0.53 ±0.06	23.9 ± 1.88	Türkmen et al. (2012)
	L. aurata	*Sfax Coast (Tunisia)	0.55 ±0.01	7.28 ± 1.12	0.57 ±0.14	127.5 ±0.06	Salem and Ayadi, (2016)
	L. aurata	Payas Coast, (Türkiye)	0.66 ±0.14	21.11 ± 12.20	2.74 ± 1.50	46.09 ± 25.69	Turan et al. (2022)
	Mugi? ceph al us	*Damietta Port (Egypt)	1.08 ±0.15	1.90 ± 0.08	2.31 ±0.15	21.42 ± 1.56	Monier et al. (2023)
	L. aurata	Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia)	1.44 ±0.27	47.88 ±4.66	2.04 ±0.27	127.29 ± 13.8	Telahigue et al. (2024)
	L. aurata	Bardawil Lake (Egypt)	0.48 ± 0.43	19.64 ± 17.12	0.43 ±0.37	9.I7± 5.51	Zaghloul et al. (2024)
	Mullet	Rabat Estuary (Morocco)	0.0439	0.1806	0.0272	3.586	Aarabi et al. (2024)
	L. aurata	Urla, Izmir (Türkiye)	0.896 ±0.02	1.721 ±0.038	1.892 ±0.006	23.266 ± 0.22	This study
Gill	L. aurata	*Caspian Sea (Iran)	0.90 ±0.59	5.53 ± 1.01	3.61 ±0.70	60.14 ± 2 6.60	Jelodar et al. (2011)
	L. aurata	Akyatan Lagoon (Türkiye)	0.08 ± 0.00	2.27 ±0.43	0.40 ±0.06	14.2 ± 1.45	Türkmen et al. (2012)
	L. aurata	*Gasthani Estuary (India)	0.7	-	1.8	252.7	Gawade et al. (2013)
	L. aurata	*Sfax Coast (Tunisia)	0.30 ±0.03	0.04 ± 0.00	1.97 ±0.35	171.2 ±0.02	Salem and Ayadi (2016)
	L. aurata	Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia)	0.88 ± 0.07	8.92 ±0.76	1.94 ±0.31	117.44 ± 19.9	Telahigue et al. (2024)
	Mullet	Rabat Estuary (Morocco)	0.0064	0.0712	0.0193	2.506	Aarabi et al. (2024)
	L. aurata	Urla, Izmir (Türkiye)	0.741 ±0.043	1.050 ± 0.04	0.878 ±0.019	15.226 ± 0.41	This study
Muscle	L. aurata	Ca’diz Bay (Spain)	0.013–0.030	0.20–0.60	0.03–0.05	3.10–8.41	Usero et al. (2003)
	L. aurata	*Caspian Sea (Iran)	0.35 ±0.23	4.54 ± 1.07	1.50 ±0.53	13.69 ± 7.23	Jelodar et al. (2011)
	L. aurata	Akyatan Lagoon (Türkiye)	0.06 ± 0.00	0.80 ±0.13	0.41 ±0.05	7.16 ± 0.98	Türkmen et al. (2012)
	L. aurata	*Gasthani Estuary (India)	0.7	-	1.8	252.7	Gawade et al. (2013)
	L. aurata	Tagus Estuary (Portugal)	0.01-0.02	<dl	0.11–0.30	16–19	Maulvault et al. (2015)
	L. aurata	Sinop (Türkiye)	<0.02	<0.5	<0.05	2.9	Bat etal. (2015)
	L. aurata	*Sfax Coast (Tunisia)	0.10 ±0.05	nd	0.17 ±0.05	106 ± 0.21	Salem and Ayadi (2016)
	L. aurata	*Aegean Sea (Türkiye)	0.001-0.004	nd—0.058	nd—0.039	0.138–0.555	Aydin-Önen and Öztürk (2017)
	L. a u rota	Pa yas Coast, (Türkiye)	0.091 ±0.05	1.553 ±0.31	0.579 ±0.25	20.18 ± 6.97	Turan et al. (2022)
	L. ourata	Caspian Sea (Iran)	0.036	1.87	0.971	7.41	Hosseini et al. (2022)
	M. ceph al us	*Damietta Port (Egypt)	0.64 ± 0.01	1.28 ±0.07	1.48 ±0.39	16.02 ± 1.01	Monier et al. (2023)
	L. ourata	Bizerte lagoon (Tunisia)	0.59 ± 0.09	9.44 ±0.85	1.15 ±0.13	70.98 ± 7.86	Telahigue et al. (2024)
	L. ourata	Bardawil Lake (Egypt)	0.38 ± 0.09	0.59 ±0.08	0.36 ±0.12	5.28 ±4.32	Zaghloul et al. (2024)
	Mullet	Rabat Estuary (Morocco)	0.0046	0.0103	0.0088	0.1648	Aarabi et al. (2024)
	M. ceph al us	Manzala Lake (Egypt)	0.12 ±0.02	-	0.87 ±0.15	-	Abd-Elghany et al. (2024)
	L. ourata	Urla, Izmir (Türkiye)	0.388 ±0.013	0.566 ±0.026	0.643 ±0.016	4.750 ±0.123	This study

Guideline-based estimated exposures and human health risks of heavy metals in muscle tissue of L_ aurata_

		Metals				ΣTHQ^h
		Cd	Cu	Pb	Zn	ΣTHQ^h
PTWI^a		0.007	3.5	0.025	7
PTWI^b		0.49	245	1.75	490
PTDI^c		0.07	35	0.25	70
Mean. Cons. (mg · kg⁻¹)	2017	0.324	0.548	0.648	4.709
	2018	0.452	0.584	0.638	4.795
EWI^d	2017	0.648	1.096	1.296	9.418
	2018	0.904	1.168	1.276	9.590
EDI^e	2017	0.092	0.156	0.185	1.345
	2018	0.129	0.166	0.182	1.370
CR^f	2017	3.52 × 10⁻⁵	-	1.58 × 10⁻⁶	-
	2018	4.91 × 10⁻⁵	-	1.55 × 10⁻⁶	-
THQ^g	2017	0.092	0.004	0.044	0.004	0.144
	2018	0.129	0.004	0.045	0.004	0.182

Average concentrations of heavy metals in muscle, gill, and liver of L_ aurata (mg · kg−1 ww)_

Tissue	Periods	Cd	Cu	Pb	Zn
Tissue	Periods	(mean ± SE)	(mean ± SE)	(mean ± SE)	(mean ± SE)
Muscle	2017	0.324 ± 0.019^a	0.548 ± 0.032^a	0.648 ± 0.019^a	4.709 ± 0.166^a
Muscle	2018	0.452 ± 0.013^b	0.584 ± 0.041^a	0.638 ± 0.027^a	4.795 ± 0.185^a
Gill	2017	0.591 ± 0.035^a	1.053 ± 0.057^a	0.844 ± 0.030^a	15.795 ± 0.673^a
Gill	2018	0.631 ± 0.023^a	1.047 ± 0.056^a	0.912 ± 0.022^a	14.658 ± 0.493^a
Liver	2017	0.862 ± 0.029^a	1.650 ± 0.061^a	1.871 ± 0.111^a	23.133 ± 0.268^a
Liver	2018	0.930 ± 0.027^a	1.792 ± 0.044^a	1.913 ± 0.083^a	23.400 ± 0.364^a

Health risk assessment of the heavy metal levels in marketed Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) from the Urla Coast (Eastern Aegean Sea, Türkiye)

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Levels of heavy metals in mullet species from different regions of the world (mean ± SE mg · kg−1 ww)_

Guideline-based estimated exposures and human health risks of heavy metals in muscle tissue of L_ aurata_

Average concentrations of heavy metals in muscle, gill, and liver of L_ aurata (mg · kg−1 ww)_

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