Multi-index assessment of heavy metals and selenium contamination and ecological risk in drought-impacted Karataş lake sediments (Burdur-Türkiye)

Selda Tekin-Özan; Şule Özçelik

doi:10.26881/oahs-2026.1.03

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Multi-index assessment of heavy metals and selenium contamination and ecological risk in drought-impacted Karataş lake sediments (Burdur-Türkiye)

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

Volume 55 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)

By: Selda Tekin-Özan and Şule Özçelik

Open Access

|Mar 2026

Figures & Tables

Location map of Karataş Lake (Tekin-Özan et al., 2024).

EF of Karataş Lake’s sediment. EF, enrichment factor.

Igeo of Karataş Lake’s sediment. Igeo, geoaccumulation index.

PLI of Karataş Lake sediment. PLI, pollution load index.

Concentrations of metals found in certified reference material HISS-1 from the National Research Council, Canada_

Metals	HISS 1 certified	HISS 1 observed	Recovery (%)
Cd	0.024 ± 0.009	0.021 ± 0.03	87
Cr	30.0 ± 6.8	32.10 ± 2.35	107
Cu	2.29 ± 0.37	2.40 ± 0.21	104
Fe	-	-	-
Mn	66.1 ± 4.2	62.85 ± 1.36	95
Mo	-	-	-
Ni	2.16 ± 0.29	2.25 ± 1.10	104
Pb	3.13 ± 0.40	3.02 ± 0.02	96
Se	0.050 ± 0.007	0.046 ± 0.1	92
Zn	4.94 ± 0.79	4.70 ± 0.25	95

SQG criteria values and current study results_

	LEL	TEL	MET	TET	SEL	PEL	Annual average results
Cd	0.6	0.596	0.9	3	10	3.53	0.35
Cr	26	37.3	55	100	110	90	78.71
Cu	16	35.7	28	86	110	197	18.63
Ni	16	18	35	61	75	36	257.42
Pb	31	35	42	170	250	91,3	2.28
Zn	120	123	150	540	820	315	98.20

Classification of used indices for lake sediment_

Indices	Pollution class
EF	EF < 2	No or minimal enrichment
Yongming et al. (2006)	EF = 2–5	Moderate enrichment
	EF = 5–20	Significant enrichment
	EF = 20–40	Very high enrichment
	EF > 40	Extremely high enrichment
I_geo	¹geo < ⁰	Unpolluted
(Muller, 1969, 1981)	0 < I_geo < 1	Unpolluted-moderately polluted
	¹ < I_geo < ²	Moderately polluted
	2 < I_geo < 3	Moderately strongly polluted
	3 < I_geo < 4	Strongly polluted
	4 < I_geo < 5	Strongly very strongly polluted
	I_geo > ⁵	Very strongly polluted
CF	CF < 1	Low pollution
Hakanson, 1980	1 ≤ CF ≤ 3	Moderate pollution
	3 ≤ CF ≤ 6	Considerable pollution
	CF ≥ 6	High pollution
CD	Cd < 6	Low contamination degree
Hakanson (1980)	6 ≤ CD ≤ 12	Moderate contamination degree
	12 ≤ Cd < 24	Considerable contamination degree
	CD ≥ 24	Very high contamination degree
mCD	mCD < 1.5	Very low pollution
Abrahim & Parker (2008)	1.5 < mCD < 2	Low pollution
	2 < mCD < 4	Moderate pollution
	4 < mCD < 8	High pollution
	8 < mCD < 16	Very high pollution
	16 < mCD < 32	Extremely high pollution
	mCD > 32	Ultra-high pollution
PLI	PLI = 0	Perfect
Tomlinson et al. (1980)	PLI = 1	Presence of pollutant at base level
Tomlinson et al. (1980)	PLI > 1	Progressive pollution
mER index	mER < 40	Low potential ecological risk
Brady et al. (2015), Hakanson (1980)	40 ≤ mER ≤ 80	Moderate potential ecological risk
	80 ≤ mER ≤ 160	Significant potential ecological risk
	160 ≤ mER ≤ 320	High potential ecological risk
	mER ≥ 320	Very high potential ecological risk
mPER index	mPER < 150	Low ecological risk
mPER index	160 ≤ mPER < 300	Moderate ecological risk
Hakanson (1980)	300 ≤ mPER < 600	Significant ecological risk
Hakanson (1980)	mPER ≥ 600	Very high ecological risk

EF, Igeo and CF of Karataş Lake’s sediment by seasons_

	EF				(I_geo)				CF
	Autumn	Winter	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Winter	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Winter	Spring	Summer
Cd	8.960	18 133	14.085	15.024	–1.23	–0.15	–0.27	0.009	0.639	1.343	1.242	1.509
Cr	10 519	10 539	13 543	8592	–0.98	–0.87	–0.47	–0.83	0.758	0.816	1.083	0.842
Cu	3824	3421	5556	5610	–2.40	–2.54	–1.46	–1.38	0.284	0.257	0.543	0.574
Fe	5208	4763	6400	4722	–1.96	–2.06	–1.39	–1.66	0.383	0.358	0.572	0.472
Mn	5799	5652	6483	5401	–1.79	–1.81	–1.30	–1.45	0.432	0.426	0.607	0.546
Mo	3335	2171	3714	1972	–2.68	–3.21	–2.28	–2.92	0.234	0.162	0.308	0.198
Ni	42 941	46 793	59 200	38 371	1.05	1.27	1.61	1.34	3.114	3.624	4.603	3.308
Pb	1563	0.443	1559	1600	–3.67	–5.47	–3.43	–3.15	0.118	0.034	0.139	0.168
Se	29 563	33 887	27 187	45 657	0.41	0.63	0.63	1.61	2.006	2.337	2.317	4.603
Zn	10 533	10 913	11 863	14 532	–1.05	–0.92	–0.45	0.01	0.722	0.791	1.096	1.517

The concentrations (mg ⋅ kg−1) of some heavy metals and Se in Karataş Lake’s sediment_

Season I	Cd	Cr	Cu	Fe	Mn	Mo	Ni	Pb	Se	Zn
Autumn	0.08–0.330.19 ±0.10^a*	16.90–103.7468.17 ± 39.69^a	5.91–18.0312.76 ± 5.45^a	6629.49–23 327.4118 074.59 ± 7737.08^a	143.96–540.26367.35 ± 172.62^a	0.36–0.970.60 ±0.27^a	49.04–324.30211.72 ± 129.26^a	0.54–3.572.35 ± 1.28^ab	1.11–1.39l.20± 0.12^b	54.53–75.0668.60 ±9.65^a
Winter	0.23–0.620.40 ±0.16^a	20.37–136.3373.45 ± 56.93^a	5.71–15.2811.54 ±4.49^a	7906.09–23 633.9916 914.47 ±7956.36^a	167.82–575.60362.07 ± 181.52^a	0.13–0.830.42 ±0.32^a	68.57–422.22246.41 ± 195.09^a	0.28–1.180.67 ±0.46^a	BDL**	53.80–106.3075.18 ±24.10^a
Spring	0.13–0.570.37 ±0.18^a	53.86–161.2597.44 ±51.34^a	12.40–38.3724.41 ± 10.80^a	23 334.75–33 640.9927 011.72 ±4613.09^a	378.83–607.52515.83 ± 104.58^a	0.52–1.140.80 ±0.25^a	118.53–575.79312.99 ± 200.30^a	2.43–3.002.77 ±0.30^ab	1.11–1.681.40 ± 0.28^ab	70.40–130.90104.09 ± 30.81^a
Summer	0.17–0.650.45 ±0.22^a	39.95–104.4175.79 ± 30.07^a	15.30–43.5425.83 ± 12.51	15 301.18–25 791.4622 274.31 ±4750.72^a	391.32–563.52464.21 ±86.71^a	0.19–0.980.51 ±0.34^a	136.94–316.23258.59 ±83.08^a	1.76–5.843.35 ± 2.18^b	1.48–4.052.92 ± 1.31^c	72.94–308.56144.15 ± 110.22^a
Annual Mean	0.35	78.71	18.63	21068.77	427.37	0.58	257.42	2.28	1.38	98.00

Comparison of annual mean concentrations (mg · kg−1) of heavy metals and Se in Karataş Lake sediment (this study) with values reported for Karataş, Beyşehir, and Eğirdir Lakes in previous studies_

Metal	This study	Başyiğit and Tekin-Özan (2013) (Karataş Lake)	Kaya (2021) (Karataş Lake)	Şener et al. (2023a) (Beyşehir Lake)	Özçelik and Tekin-Özan (2024) (Eğirdir Lake)
Cd	0.35	0.20	0		0.61
Cr	78.71	37.06	164.89	78.58	14.43
Cu	18.63	21.95	25.86	42.87	14.20
Fe	21 068.77	6968.60	-	19 765.22	10 357.88
Mn	427.36	306.40	-	1510.30	330.09
Mo	0.58	0.21	-	-	1.09
Ni	257.43	131.81	-	56.27	25.49
Pb	2.28	0.88	0	12.01	41.38
Se	1.38	2.83	-	-	2.38
Zn	98.00	28.17	41.61	48.20	35.37

mER index and mPER index of Karataş Lake’s sediment by seasons

	Autumn	Winter	Spring	Summer
Cd	268.8	543.99	422.55	450,72
Cr	21.03	21.07	27.08	17.18
Cu	11.47	17.10	27.78	28.05
Mn	5799	5652	6483	5401
Ni	214.70	233.96	296	191.85
Pb	7.81	2.21	7.79	8
Zn	10.53	10.91	11.86	14.53
mPER	540.13	834.89	799.54	715.73

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2026.1.03 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X

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Language: English

Page range: 28 - 47

Submitted on: Sep 24, 2025

Accepted on: Dec 22, 2025

Published on: Mar 11, 2026

Published by: University of Gdańsk

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Lake,

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© 2026 Selda Tekin-Özan, Şule Özçelik, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 55 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)

Multi-index assessment of heavy metals and selenium contamination and ecological risk in drought-impacted Karataş lake sediments (Burdur-Türkiye)

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Concentrations of metals found in certified reference material HISS-1 from the National Research Council, Canada_

SQG criteria values and current study results_

Classification of used indices for lake sediment_

EF, Igeo and CF of Karataş Lake’s sediment by seasons_

The concentrations (mg ⋅ kg−1) of some heavy metals and Se in Karataş Lake’s sediment_

Comparison of annual mean concentrations (mg · kg−1) of heavy metals and Se in Karataş Lake sediment (this study) with values reported for Karataş, Beyşehir, and Eğirdir Lakes in previous studies_

mER index and mPER index of Karataş Lake’s sediment by seasons

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