Multi-index assessment of heavy metals and selenium contamination and ecological risk in drought-impacted Karataş lake sediments (Burdur-Türkiye)

Selda Tekin-Özan; Şule Özçelik

doi:10.26881/oahs-2026.1.03

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Multi-index assessment of heavy metals and selenium contamination and ecological risk in drought-impacted Karataş lake sediments (Burdur-Türkiye)

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

Volume 55 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)

By: Selda Tekin-Özan and Şule Özçelik

Open Access

|Mar 2026

Abstract

Karataş Lake is a significant lake in Türkiye and completely dried up in 2021. In subsequent years, the lake intermittently retained water due to redirected water resources and increased precipitation. This seasonal study conducted between October 2019 and July 2020 investigated the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn, and Se in sediment samples collected from four stations. Metal concentrations were measured by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Pollution levels and possible sources were assessed using indices, including enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I_geo), pollution load index (PLI), contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (CD), modified contamination degree (mCD), modified ecological risk (mER), and modified potential ecological risk (mPER). The levels of metals in sediments followed the order: Fe > Mn > Ni > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Se > Mo > Cd. These results indicated considerable ecological risk, particularly associated with Ni and Se. Comparisons with sediment quality guidelines revealed the annual concentrations of Ni exceeded multiple threshold and effect levels. These findings emphasize the need for urgent management measures to regulate agricultural runoff, control water abstraction, and increase water input to protect Karataş Lake and ensure its long-term sustainability.

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2026.1.03 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X

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Language: English

Page range: 28 - 47

Submitted on: Sep 24, 2025

Accepted on: Dec 22, 2025

Published on: Mar 11, 2026

Published by: University of Gdańsk

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

Lake,

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© 2026 Selda Tekin-Özan, Şule Özçelik, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 55 (2026): Issue 1 (March 2026)