Have a personal or library account? Click to login

Conceptual Design and Validation of a Hydrogen Training Airplane

Open Access
|Oct 2025

References

  1. Kuk S. Hydrogen-powered ultralight training aircraft – a systems engineering approach. Transactions on Aerospace Research, 2025;279(2):1–17. https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2025-0006.
  2. Brewer GD, Morris RE, Lange RH, Moore JW. Volume I: Summary report: Study of the application of hydrogen fuel to long-range subsonic transport aircraft. NASA CR-132558. 1975.
  3. Airbus Deutschland GmbH. Liquid hydrogen fuelled aircraft – system analysis. Final technical report (publishable version). 2004.
  4. Yusaf T, Mahamude ASF, Kadirgama K, Ramasamy D, Farhana K, Dhahad HA, Abu Talib AR. Sustainable hydrogen energy in aviation – a narrative review. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2024;52(Part C):1026–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.086
  5. Gunasekar P, Manigandan S, Praveen Kumar TR. Hydrogen as the futuristic fuel for the aviation and aerospace industry – review. Aircraft Eng Aerosp Technol. 2021;93(3):410–416. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-07-2020-0145
  6. Yusaf T, Fernandes L, Abu Talib AR, Altarazi YSM, Alrefae W, Kadirgama K, et al. Sustainable aviation – hydrogen is the future. Sustainability. 2022;14(1):548.
  7. Savvaris A, Xie Y, Malandrakis K, Lopez M, Tsourdos A. Development of a fuel cell hybrid-powered unmanned aerial vehicle. In: 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED); 2016 Jun 21–24; Athens, Greece. p. 1242–1247. https://doi.org/10.1109/MED.2016.7536038
  8. Desantes JM, Novella R, García-Cuevas LM, Lopez-Juarez M. Feasibility study for a fuel cell-powered unmanned aerial vehicle with a 75 kg payload. Transactions on Aerospace Research. 2022;2022(2):13–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/MED.2016.7536038
  9. Czarnocki P, Dudek M, Drabarek K, Frączek W, Iwański G, Miazga T, et al. Electric motor-glider powered by a hydrogen fuel cell stack. MATEC Web Conf. 2019;304:03011. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930403011
  10. Ghosh D, Willich C, Kallo J. High efficient energy system for electric passenger aircraft propulsion. In: AIAA SciTech 2019 Forum; 2019 Jan; San Diego, CA. AIAA 2019-1672. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-1672
  11. Romeo G, Borello F, Correa G. ENFICA-FC: Design, realization and flight test of all-electric 2-seat aircraft powered by fuel cells. Proc ICAS. 2010. See also: Romeo G, Borello F. Design and realisation of a two-seater aircraft powered by fuel cell electric propulsion. Aeronaut J. 2010;114(1155):281–297. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001924000003730
  12. Bradley TH, Moffitt BA, Mavris DN, Parekh DE. Design space exploration of small-scale PEM fuel cell long-endurance aircraft. In: 6th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (ATIO); 2006 Sep 25–27; Wichita, KS. AIAA 2006-7701. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-7701
  13. Mobariz KN, Youssef AM, Abdel-Rahman M. Long endurance hybrid fuel cell-battery powered UAV. World J Model Simul. 2015;11(1):69–80.
  14. Krawczyk JM, Mazur AM, Sasin T, Stokłosa AW. Fuel cells as alternative power for unmanned aircraft systems – current situation and development trends. Transactions on Aerospace Research. 2014;237(4):49–62.
  15. Rondinelli S, Sabatini R, Gardi A. Challenges and benefits offered by liquid hydrogen fuels in commercial aviation. Int J Sustainable Aviation. 2017;3(3):200–216. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSA.2017.10007966
  16. Thirkell A, Chen R, Harrington I. A fuel cell system sizing tool based on current production aircraft. SAE Tech Pap. 2017;2017-01-2135. https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-2135
  17. Kadyk T, Winnefeld C, Hanke-Rauschenbach R, Krewer U. Analysis and design of fuel cell systems for aviation. Energies. 2018;11(1):204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010204
  18. Thomas CE. Fuel cell and battery electric vehicles compared. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2009;34(15):6005–6020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.025
  19. Jain A, Jain A. Battery technology and the future of battery swapping systems for electric vehicles: opportunities and challenges. Int J Adv Res. 2022;10(Oct):553–567. https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/15523
  20. Kuśmierek A, Galiński C, Stalewski W. Review of hybrid gas-electric aircraft propulsion systems versus alternative systems. Prog Aerosp Sci. 2023;141:100925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2023.100925
  21. Adler EJ, Martins JRRA. Hydrogen-powered aircraft: Fundamental concepts, key technologies, and environmental impacts. Prog Aerosp Sci. 2023;141:100922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2023.100922
  22. Abu Salem K, Palaia G, Quarta AA. Review of hybrid-electric aircraft technologies and designs: critical analysis and novel solutions. Prog Aerosp Sci. 2023;141:100924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2023.100924
  23. Ansell PJ. Review of sustainable energy carriers for aviation: benefits, challenges, and future viability. Prog Aerosp Sci. 2023;141:100919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2023.100919
  24. Dudek M, Raźniak A, Dudek P, Korkosz M, Wygonik P, Bogusz P, Frączek W. Some aspects of gaseous hydrogen storage and the performance of a 10-kW polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack as part of a hybrid power source. In: 2nd International Conference on the Sustainable Energy and Environmental Development (SEED); 2017 Nov 14–17; Kraków, Poland.
  25. Romeo G, Cestino E, Borello F. More/all electric aircraft based on fuel cell energy system: the ENFICA-FC experience. In: 28th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS 2012); 2012 Sep 23–28; Brisbane, Australia.
  26. Winnefeld C, Kadyk T, Bensmann B, Krewer U, Hanke-Rauschenbach R. Modelling and designing cryogenic hydrogen tanks for future aircraft applications. Energies. 2018;11(1):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010105
  27. Rondinelli S, Sabatini R, Gardi A. Challenges and benefits offered by liquid hydrogen fuels in commercial aviation. In: Practical Responses to Climate Change (PRCC 2014); 2014 Nov 27–28; Melbourne, Australia. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.042058746545488
  28. Sadraey MH. Aircraft design: a systems engineering approach. Chichester: Wiley; 2013.
  29. Galiński C. Wybrane zagadnienia projektowania samolotów. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Naukowe Instytutu Lotnictwa; 2016.
  30. Galiński C. Wybrane zagadnienia konstrukcji samolotów. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej; 2020.
  31. European Aviation Safety Agency. Certification Specifications for Very Light Aeroplanes (CS-VLA). Cologne: EASA; 2009.
  32. Raymer DP. Aircraft design: a conceptual approach. 6th ed. Reston (VA): American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 2018.
  33. Roskam J. Airplane design. Part V: Component weight estimation. 3rd ed. Lawrence (KS): DARcorporation; 2018.
  34. MGM Compro. REB 90 electric motor: technical datasheet. Accessed 2024. https://www.mgm-compro.com/electric-motor/80-kw-electric-motor/
  35. EH Group. EH81 fuel cell stack: technical datasheet. Accessed 2024. https://hyfindr.com/common/datasheet/product/174/inline/EHGroup-EH81-datasheet-1.pdf
  36. Doosan Mobility Innovation. Ultralight type 4 hydrogen tank: datasheet. Accessed 2024. https://www.doosanmobility.com/en/products/hydrogen-tank
  37. Swann MD, Takahashi TT. A total flight envelope approach to conceptual design stability & control. In: 15th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (ATIO); 2015 Jun 22–26; Dallas, TX. AIAA 2015-3377. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-3377
  38. JSBSim. Mass properties database: documentation. Accessed 2025. https://jsbsim.sourceforge.net/MassProps.html
  39. ZeroAvia. Hydrogen-electric aviation program overview. Accessed 2025. https://zeroavia.com/
  40. Airbus. ZEROe: towards the world's first zero-emission commercial aircraft. Accessed 2025. https://www.airbus.com/en/innovation/energy-transition/hydrogen/zeroe-our-hydrogen-powered-aircraft
  41. H2FLY. Company and project overview. Accessed 2025. https://www.h2fly.de/
  42. CFM International. RISE program overview. Accessed 2025. https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/rise/
Language: English
Page range: 21 - 40
Submitted on: Aug 7, 2025
Accepted on: Sep 23, 2025
Published on: Oct 31, 2025
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Sebastian Piotr Kuk, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.