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Psychometric Validation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents (ESS-CHAD) in Slovenia: Implications for Public Health Research and Practice Cover

Psychometric Validation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents (ESS-CHAD) in Slovenia: Implications for Public Health Research and Practice

Open Access
|Mar 2026

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Content validation indices for the Slovenian translation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents questionnaire.

ItemCVRCI
10.820.82
21.000.82
30.820.82
41.000.82
50.820.73
61.000.73
71.000.82
80.820.82

[i] Legend: ESS-CHAD-Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents; CVR-content validity ratio; CI-clarity index.

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients among the Slovenian translation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents questionnaire.

12345678
10.700.981.00
21.201.040.251.00
30.740.970.260.221.00
41.391.080.190.230.251.00
51.361.170.200.300.310.291.00
60.210.570.160.160.310.150.151.00
70.961.040.200.310.340.260.640.241.00
80.140.510.120.100.240.090.070.510.171.00

[i] Legend: M-mean; SD-standard deviation; r-Pearson correlation coefficients

Table 3.

Results of Exploratory Factor Analysis for the Slovenian translation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents questionnaire.

Initial EigenvaluesExtraction Sums of Squared LoadingsRotated Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
FactorTotal% of varianceCumulative varianceTotal% of varianceCumulative varianceTotal% of varianceCumulative variance
12.7334.1334.132.1526.9226.921.8222.7222.72
21.3116.3850.510.8210.2437.161.1514.4437.16
30.9211.5162.02
40.809.9471.96
50.759.3981.35
60.668.2189.56
70.486.0195.57
80.354.43100.00
Table 4.

Factor loading matrix of the Slovenian translation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents questionnaire items after rotation.

Factor12
10.320.17
20.430.13
30.430.33
40.400.12
50.78−0.01
60.180.73
70.730.13
80.090.66
Table 5.

Confirmatory factor analysis indices and descriptive statistics for the Slovenian translation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents questionnaire.

IndicatorOne-factor solutionTwo-factor solution
M (SD)6.65 (4.35)6.32 (4.00)*
0.34 (0.94)**
χ2352.77262.52
df2019
p< 0.001< 0.001
CFI0.940.96
TLI0.920.94
RMSEA0.0710.063
RMSEACI0.065–0.0780.056–0.069
SRMR0.0810.046

Legend: CFI-Comparative Fit Index; TLI-Tucker-Lewis Index; RMSEA-Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; SRMR-Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual; RMSEACI-confidence interval of RMSEA;

* Factor 1;

** Factor 2

Figure 1.

Graphical representation of the two-factor structure of the Slovenian translation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents questionnaire.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2026-0003 | Journal eISSN: 1854-2476 | Journal ISSN: 0351-0026
Language: English, Slovenian
Page range: 16 - 24
Submitted on: Sep 19, 2025
Accepted on: Jan 14, 2026
Published on: Mar 1, 2026
Published by: National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Ajda Mlakar, Kaja Gril Rogina, Matic Šmigoc, Barbara Gnidovec Stražišar, Andreja Kukec, published by National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.