Results of exploratory factor analysis (extraction method: principal component analysis) in the validation study of the Sense of Coherence 29-item scale among Croatian nurses (n=711)_
| Component | Initial Eigenvalues | Extraction sums of squared loadings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % of variance | Cumulative % | Total | % of variance | Cumulative % | |
| 1 | 7.453 | 25.700 | 25.700 | 7.453 | 25.700 | 25.700 |
| 2 | 2.396 | 8.262 | 33.962 | 2.396 | 8.262 | 33.962 |
| 3 | 1.693 | 5.839 | 39.801 | 1.693 | 5.839 | 39.801 |
| 4 | 1.236 | 4.262 | 44.063 | 1.236 | 4.262 | 44.063 |
| 5 | 1.143 | 3.943 | 48.005 | 1.143 | 3.943 | 48.005 |
| 6 | 0.982 | 3.388 | 51.393 | |||
| 7 | 0.955 | 3.294 | 54.687 | |||
| 8 | 0.935 | 3.223 | 57.910 | |||
| 9 | 0.897 | 3.092 | 61.003 | |||
| 10 | 0.841 | 2.900 | 63.903 | |||
| 11 | 0.811 | 2.797 | 66.699 | |||
| 12 | 0.767 | 2.646 | 69.345 | |||
| 13 | 0.725 | 2.500 | 71.846 | |||
| 14 | 0.700 | 2.415 | 74.261 | |||
| 15 | 0.681 | 2.349 | 76.610 | |||
| 16 | 0.643 | 2.217 | 78.827 | |||
| 17 | 0.623 | 2.147 | 80.975 | |||
| 18 | 0.593 | 2.046 | 83.021 | |||
| 19 | 0.565 | 1.947 | 84.968 | |||
| 20 | 0.547 | 1.886 | 86.854 | |||
| 21 | 0.534 | 1.842 | 88.695 | |||
| 22 | 0.515 | 1.776 | 90.471 | |||
| 23 | 0.471 | 1.623 | 92.095 | |||
| 24 | 0.448 | 1.546 | 93.640 | |||
| 25 | 0.417 | 1.439 | 95.079 | |||
| 26 | 0.389 | 1.340 | 96.419 | |||
| 27 | 0.366 | 1.261 | 97.680 | |||
| 28 | 0.345 | 1.189 | 98.869 | |||
| 29 | 0.328 | 1.131 | 100.000 | |||
Results of confirmatory factor analysis in validation study of the Sense of Coherence 29-item scale among Croatian nurses (n=711)_
| Statistical property | one-factor model | three-factor model |
|---|---|---|
| Chi-square | 2289.11 | 1790.13 |
| Degrees of freedom | 377 | 374 |
| p | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CMIN/DF | 6.072 | 4.786 |
| CFI | 0.685 | 0.767 |
| RMSEA | 0.084 | 0.073 |
Socio-demographic and work-related characteristics of the study participants (n=713)_
| Characteristic | Category | N | (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 83 | 11.6 |
| Female | 630 | 88.4 | |
| Age | 19–30 | 247 | 34.6 |
| 31–40 | 161 | 22.6 | |
| 41–50 | 159 | 22.3 | |
| 51–65 | 145 | 20.4 | |
| Marital status | Married | 371 | 52.0 |
| Divorced | 48 | 6.7 | |
| Widowed | 18 | 2.5 | |
| Single | 186 | 26.1 | |
| Life partnership | 89 | 12.5 | |
| Level of education | High school education | 429 | 60.2 |
| Bachelor of nursing | 256 | 35.9 | |
| Master of nursing | 28 | 3.9 | |
| Work department | Internal unit | 179 | 25.3 |
| Surgery unit | 157 | 22.2 | |
| Operating room | 33 | 4.7 | |
| Intensive care unit | 73 | 10.3 | |
| Gynaecology unit | 52 | 7.3 | |
| Polyclinical unit | 23 | 3.2 | |
| Oncology and haematology unit | 58 | 8.2 | |
| Dermatology unit | 13 | 1.8 | |
| Emergency unit | 27 | 3.8 | |
| Ophthalmology unit | 28 | 4.0 | |
| Psychiatry unit | 34 | 4.8 | |
| Paediatrics unit | 31 | 4.4 | |
| Length of service | Less than 1 year | 23 | 3.2 |
| 1–19 years | 391 | 54.8 | |
| 20 or more years | 299 | 41.9 | |
Factor loadings greater than 0_200 in the validation study of the Sense of Coherence 29-item scale among Croatian nurses (n=711)_
| Component | Component loads | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2t | 3t | 4st | 5st | |
| Item_1 | 0.443 | 0.363 | |||
| Item_2 | 0.342 | 0.320 | −0.325 | ||
| Item_3 | 0.352 | 0.521 | 0.262 | 0.257 | |
| Item_4 | 0.277 | 0.626 | −0.340 | ||
| Item_5 | 0.483 | 0.277 | −0.416 | ||
| Item_6 | 0.468 | 0.392 | −0.394 | ||
| Item_7 | 0.305 | 0.600 | −0.290 | ||
| Item_8 | 0.547 | 0.241 | −0.301 | −0.236 | −0.216 |
| Item_9 | 0.565 | 0.404 | −0.306 | ||
| Item_10 | 0.399 | 0.246 | −0.292 | ||
| Item_11 | 0.515 | 0.383 | |||
| Item_12 | 0.542 | 0.203 | 0.315 | ||
| Item_13 | 0.403 | 0.527 | 0.266 | ||
| Item_14 | 0.512 | 0.383 | −0.362 | ||
| Item_15 | 0.520 | −0.317 | |||
| Item_16 | 0.497 | −0.225 | |||
| Item_17 | 0.496 | 0.217 | |||
| Item_18 | 0.581 | −0.204 | 0.210 | ||
| Item_19 | 0.500 | 0.317 | |||
| Item_20 | 0.589 | −0.211 | −0.203 | ||
| Item_21 | 0.430 | 0.337 | 0.219 | ||
| Item_22 | 0.355 | 0.240 | −0.210 | 0.340 | |
| Item_23 | 0.551 | −0.352 | −0.260 | ||
| Item_24 | 0.626 | −0.310 | |||
| Item_25 | 0.677 | −0.355 | −0.207 | ||
| Item_26 | 0.718 | −0.243 | |||
| Item_27 | 0.625 | −0.266 | 0.244 | ||
| Item_28 | 0.667 | −0.404 | −0.223 | ||
| Item_29 | 0.345 | 0.310 | 0.209 | ||
Statistical properties of the distribution of values of items of the Sense of Coherence 29-item scale in the validation study of Croatian nurses (n=711)_
| Item | SD | Me | IQR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item_1 | 4.8 | 1.6 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_2 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_3 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 4 | 3–5 |
| Item_4 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 4 | 3–5 |
| Item_5 | 4.8 | 1.6 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_6 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_7 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 4 | 3–5 |
| Item_8 | 5.6 | 1.5 | 6 | 5–7 |
| Item_9 | 5.0 | 1.7 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_10 | 4.8 | 1.7 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_11 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 6 | 5–7 |
| Item_12 | 5.2 | 1.4 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_13 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 4 | 3–5 |
| Item_14 | 4.5 | 1.8 | 5 | 3–6 |
| Item_15 | 5.6 | 1.5 | 6 | 5–7 |
| Item_16 | 5.0 | 1.7 | 5 | 4–7 |
| Item_17 | 4.9 | 1.7 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_18 | 5.8 | 1.5 | 6 | 5–7 |
| Item_19 | 4.4 | 1.4 | 5 | 3–6 |
| Item_20 | 5.1 | 1.4 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_21 | 5.0 | 1.7 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_22 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_23 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 4 | 3–5 |
| Item_24 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 4 | 3–5 |
| Item_25 | 4.8 | 1.6 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_26 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 5 | 4–6 |
| Item_27 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 4 | 3–5 |
| Item_28 | 5.6 | 1.5 | 6 | 5–7 |
| Item_29 | 5.0 | 1.7 | 5 | 4–6 |
Sense of Coherence 29-item instrument: items, their placement within three dimensions, and scoring (1)_
| Item no | Question* | Dimension | Scoring |
|---|---|---|---|
| Item_1 | When you talk to people, do you have the feeling that they don’t understand you? | C | R |
| Item_2 | Think of the people with whom you come into contact daily, aside from the ones to whom you feel closest. How well do you know most of them? | C | O |
| Item_3 | Has it happened in the past that you were surprised by the behaviour of people whom you thought you knew well? | C | R |
| Item_4 | In the past ten years your life has been: (full of changes without your knowing what will happen next – completely consistent and clear) | C | O |
| Item_5 | Do you have the feeling that you are in an unfamiliar situation and don’t know what to do? | C | O |
| Item_6 | When you face a difficult problem, the choice of a solution is: (always confusing and hard to find – always completely clear) | C | O |
| Item_7 | Your life in the future will probably be: (full of changes without knowing what will happen next – completely consistent and clear) | C | O |
| Item_8 | Do you have very mixed-up feelings and ideas? | C | O |
| Item_9 | Does it happen that you have feelings inside you would rather not feel? | C | O |
| Item_10 | Does it happen that you have the feeling that you don’t know exactly what’s about to happen? | C | O |
| Item_11 | When something happened, have you generally found that: (you overestimated or underestimated its importance – you saw things in the right proportion) | C | O |
| Item_12 | In the past, when you had to do something which depended upon cooperation with others, did you have the feeling that it: (surely wouldn’t get done – surely would get done) | Ma | O |
| Item_13 | Has it happened that people whom you counted on disappointed you? | Ma | R |
| Item_14 | Do you have the feeling that you’re being treated unfairly? | Ma | O |
| Item_15 | What best describes how you see life: (one can always find a solution to painful things in life – there is no solution to painful things in life) | Ma | R |
| Item_16 | When something unpleasant happened in the past your tendency was: (“to eat yourself up about it” – to say “OK that’s that, I have to live) | Ma | O |
| Item_17 | When you do something that gives you a good feeling: (it’s certain that you’ll go on feeling good – it’s certain that something will happen to spoil the feeling) | Ma | R |
| Item_18 | Do you think that there will always be people whom you’ll be able to count on in the future? | Ma | R |
| Item_19 | Many people – even those with a strong character – sometimes feel like sad sacks (losers) in certain situations. How often have you felt this way in the past? | Ma | R |
| Item_20 | When you think of the difficulties you are likely to face in important aspects of your life, do you have the feeling that: (you will always succeed in overcoming the difficulties – you won’t succeed in overcoming the difficulties) | Ma | R |
| Item_21 | How often do you have feelings that you’re not sure you can keep under control? | Ma | O |
| Item_22 | Do you have the feeling that you don’t really care about what goes on around you? | Me | R |
| Item_23 | Life is: (full of interest – completely routine) | Me | R |
| Item_24 | Until now your life has had: (no clear goals or purpose at all – very clear goals and purpose) | Me | O |
| Item_25 | Most of the things you do in the future will probably be: (completely fascinating – deadly boring) | Me | R |
| Item_26 | When you think about your life, you very often: (feel how good it is to be alive – ask yourself why you exist at all) | Me | R |
| Item_27 | Doing the things you do every day is: (a source of deep pleasure and satisfaction – a source of pain and boredom) | Me | R |
| Item_28 | You anticipate that your personal life in the future will be: (totally without meaning or purpose – full of meaning and purpose) | Me | O |
| Item_29 | How often do you have the feeling that there’s little meaning in the things you do in your daily life? | Me | O |