References
- Dyson A. (1998). Discovering indigenous healing plants of the herb and fragrance gardens at Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden. Cape Town.
- Chan K. (2003). Some aspects of toxic contaminants in herbal medicines. Chemosphere. 52, 1361–1371.
- Al-Snafi AE. (2016). Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Citrullus colocynthis-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy. 6, 57–67.
- Zaini NAM, Anwar F, Hamid AA, et al. (2011). Kundur [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.]: A potential source for valuable nutrients and functional foods. Food Research International. 44, 2368–2376.
- Robinson RW, Decker-Walters DS. (1997). Crop production science in horticulture. Cucurbit, 6, CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., New York, N.Y.
- Upadhyay B, Roy S, Kumar A. (2007). Traditional uses of medicinal plants among the rural communities of Churu district in the Thar Desert, India. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 113, 387–399.
- Kumar D, Kashyap SK, Maherchandani S. (2009). Antibacterial activity of some plant extracts. Veterinary Practitioner. 10, 148–151.
- Amamou F, Bouafia M, Chabane-Sari D, et al. (2011). Citrullus colocynthis: a desert plant native in Algeria, effects of fixed oil on blood homeostasis in Wistar rat. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources. 1, 1–7.
- Jayaraman R, Shivakumar A, Anitha T, et al. (2009). Antidiabetic effect of petroleum ether extract of Citrullus colocynthis fruits against streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. Rom J Biol Plant Biol. 4, 127–34.
- Najafi S, Sanadgol N, Nejad BS, et al. (2010). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 4, 2321–2325.
- Salama HM. (2012). Alkaloids and flavonoids from the air dried aerial parts of Citrullus colocynthis. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6, 5150–5155.
- Delazar A, Gibbons S, Kosari AR, et al. (2006). Flavone C-glycosides and cucurbitacin glycosides from Citrullus colocynthis. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 14, 109–114.
- Gurudeeban S, Satyavani K, Ramanathan T. (2010). Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis): An overview of chemical composition and biomedical potentials. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 9, 394.
- Meena MC, Patni V. (2008). Isolation and identification of flavonoid “quercetin” from Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. Asian J Exp Sci. 22, 137–142.
- Hussain AI, Rathore HA, Sattar MZ, et al. (2013). Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of various extracts from Citrullus colocynthis (L.) from the Pakistani flora. Industrial crops and products. 45, 416–422.
- Mukherjee A, Patil SD. (2012). Effects of alkaloid rich extract of Citrullus colocynthis fruit on Artemia salina and human cancerous (MCF-7 and HEPG-2) cells. J. PharmaSciTech. 1, 15–19.
- Ali AA, Alian MA, Elmahi HA. (2013). Phytochemical analysis of some chemical metabolites of Colocynth plant [Citrullus colocynthis L.] and its activities as antimicrobial and antiplasmidial. J Basic Appl Sci Res. 3, 228–36.
- Sayed MD, Balbaa SI, Afifi MSA. (1973). Nitrogenous bases of the different organs of Citrullus colocynthis. Planta medica. 24, 260–265.
- Adam SEI, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Farhan AH. (2001). Response of Najdi sheep to oral administration of Citrullus colocynthis fruits, Nerium oleander leaves or their mixture. Small Ruminant Research. 40, 239–244.
- Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Kobayashi H, et al. (2007). Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XXVII. Structures of new cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides and antiallergic constituents from Citrullus colocynthis. Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin. 55, 428–434.
- Tannin-Spitz T, Grossman S, Dovrat S, et al. (2007). Growth inhibitory activity of cucurbitacin glucosides isolated from Citrullus colocynthis on human breast cancer cells. Biochemical pharmacology. 73, 56–67.
- Chen JC, Chiu MH, Nie RL, et al. (2005). Cucurbitacins and cucurbitane glycosides: structures and biological activities. Natural product reports. 22, 386–399.
- Sawaya WN, Daghir NJ, Khan P. (1983). Chemical characterization and edibility of the oil extracted from Citrullus colocynthis seeds. Journal of Food Science. 48, 104–106.
- Sadou H, Sabo H, Alma MM, et al. (2007). Chemical content of the seeds and physico-chemical characteristic of the seed oils from Citrullus colocynthis, Coccinia grandis, Cucumis metuliferus and Cucumis prophetarum of Niger. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia. 21, 323–330.
- Sebbagh N, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Ouali F, et al. (2009). Comparative effects of Citrullus colocynthis, sunflower and olive oil-enriched diet in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Diabetes & metabolism. 35, 178–184.
- Kalhoro MA, Afza N, Saleem M, et al. (2002). Pharmaco-chemical studies of the oil, aerial parts, pulp and peel of Citrullus colocynthis. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan. 24, 274–276.
- Chopra RN, Chopra IC. (1994). Indigenous drugs of India. Academic publishers.
- Chopra RN. (1958). Chopra's Indigenous drug of India, UN Dhar & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta. 12, 495.
- Abo KA, Fred-Jaiyesimi AA, Jaiyesimi AEA. (2008). Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in South Western Nigeria. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 115, 67–71.
- Sultan A, Khan FU, Iqbal H, et al. (2010). Evaluation of chemical analysis profile of Citrullus colocynthis growing in southern areas of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal. 10, 402–405.
- Sharma SK, Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda 1998. National Academy of Ayurveda, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, India.
- Katewa SS, Galav PK. (2005). Traditional herbal medicines from Shekhawati region of Rajasthan.
- Sharma A, Singh S, Nag TN. (2010). Antibacterial activity of Citrullus colocynthhis and Tribulus terrestris against some pathogenic bacteria. Asian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences. 12, 633–637.
- Nmila R, Gross R, Rchid H, et al. (2000). Insulinotropic effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruit extracts. Planta Medica. 66, 418–423.
- Aburjai T, Hudaib M, Tayyem R, et al. (2007). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Jordan, the Ajloun Heights region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 110 294–304.
- Huseini HF, Darvishzadeh F, Heshmat R, et al. (2009). The clinical investigation of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad fruit in treatment of Type II diabetic patients: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 23, 1186–1189.
- Rahbar AR, Nabipour I. (2010). The hypolipidemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis on patients with hyperlipidemia. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS. 13, 1202–1207.
- Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, et al. (1997). Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 58, 45–54.
- Eddouks M, Maghrani M, Lemhadri A, et al. (2002). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac diseases in the south-east region of Morocco (Tafilalet). Journal of ethnopharmacology. 82, 97–103.
- Tahraoui A, El-Hilaly J, Israili ZH, et al. (2007). Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in southeastern Morocco (Errachidia province). Journal of ethnopharmacology. 110, 105–117.
- Wasfi IA, Bashir AK, Abdalla AA, et al. (1995). Antiinflammatory activity of some medicinal plants of the United Arab Emirates. International journal of pharmacognosy. 33, 124–128.
- Goldfain D, Lavergne A, Galian A, et al. (1989). Peculiar acute toxic colitis after ingestion of colocynth: a clinicopathological study of three cases. Gut. 30, 1412–1418.
- AL RARAJ S. (1995). Haemorrhagic colitis induced by Citrullus colocynthis. Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology. 89, 695–696.
- Barth A, Müller D, Dürrling K. (2002). In vitro investigation of a standardized dried extract of Citrullus colocynthis on liver toxicity in adult rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 54, 223–230.
- Daradka H, Almasad MM, Qazan WSH, et al. (2007). Hypolipidaemic effects of Citrullus colocynthis L. in rabbits. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS. 10, 2768.
- Marzouk B, Marzouk Z, Haloui E, et al. (2010). Screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Citrullus colocynthis from southern Tunisia. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 128, 15–19.
- Marzouk B, Marzouk Z, Décor R, et al. (2009). Antibacterial and anticandidal screening of Tunisian Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. from Medenine. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 125, 344–349.
- Baquar SR, Tasnif M. (1967). Medicinal plants of southern west Pakistan (No. 3). Botany Section, Central Laboratories, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
- Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, Blatter E, et al. (1984). Indian Medicinal Plants. Lalit Mohan Basu, Allahabad, India.
- Qureshi R, Bhatti GR, Memon RA. (2010). Ethnomedicinal uses of herbs from northern part of Nara desert, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 42, 839–851.
- Schafferman D, Beharav A, Shabelsky E, et al. (1998). Evaluation of Citrullus colocynthis, a desert plant native in Israel, as a potential source of edible oil. Journal of Arid Environments. 40, 431–439.
- Aly AM, Naddaf A. (2006). Anti-inflammatory activities of Colocynth topical gel. J Med Sci. 6, 216–21.
- Dallak M. (2011). In vivo, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of Citrullus colocynthis pulp extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. African journal of biotechnology. 10, 9898–9903.
- Abdel-Hassan IA, Abdel-Barry JA, Mohammeda ST. (2000). The hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruit aqueous extract in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 71, 325–330.
- Al-Ghaithi F, El-Ridi MR, Adeghate E, et al. (2004). Biochemical effects of Citrullus colocynthis in normal and diabetic rats. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 261, 143–149.
- Kumar S, Kumar D, Manjusha, et al. (2008). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad. Methanolic fruit extract. Acta Pharm. 58, 215–220.
- Tannin-Spitz T, Bergman M, Grossman S. (2007). Cucurbitacin glucosides: Antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 364, 181–186.
- Liu T, Zhang M, Deng Y, et al. (2008). Effects of cucurbitacin B on cell proliferation and apoptosis in Hep-2 cells. Lin Chuang er bi yan hou tou Jing wai ke za zhi Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery. 22, 403–407.
- Yin D, Wakimoto N, Xing H, et al. (2008). Cucurbitacin B markedly inhibits growth and rapidly affects the cytoskeleton in glioblastoma multiforme. International Journal of Cancer. 123, 1364–1375.
- HM T, HM AY, AZ AA, et al. (2009). Insecticidal effect of cucurbitacin E glycoside isolated from Citrullus colocynthis against Aphis craccivora.
- Bauer RW, Deutsch M, Mutchler GS, et al. (1960). Nuclear Orientation of Mn 54 and Mn 52 m. Physical Review. 120, 946.
- Memon U, Brohi AH, Ahmed SW, et al. (2003). Antibacterial screening of Citrullus colocynthis. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 16, 1–6.
- Gacem MA, Khelil AOEH, Gacemi B, et al. (2013). Antimycotoxigenic and antifungal activities of Citrullus colocynthis seeds against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus contaminating wheat stored. African journal of biotechnology. 12, 6222–6231.
- Rajamanickam E, Gurudeeban S, Ramanathan T, et al. (2010). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Citrullus colocynthis. International Journal of Current Research. 2, 67–69.
- Khare CP. (2008). Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Havsteen BH. (2002). The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 96, 67–202.
- Pashmforosh M, Rajabi Vardanjani H, Khodayar MJ. (2018). Topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Citrullus colocynthis extract cream in rats. Medicina. 54, 51.
- Bnouham M, Ziyyat A, Mekhfi H, et al. (2006). Medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic activity-A review of ten years of herbal medicine research (1990–2000). International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 14, 1.
- Agarwal V, Sharma KA, Upadhyay A. (2012). Hypoglycemic effects of Citrullus colocynthis roots. Acta Pol Pharm. 69, 75–9.
- Gill NS, Kaur S, Arora R, et al. (2011). Screening of antioxidant and antiulcer potential of Citrullus colocynthis methanolic seed extract. Res J Phytochem. 5, 98–106.
- Liu T, Zhang M, Zhang H, et al. (2008). Combined antitumor activity of cucurbitacin B and docetaxel in laryngeal cancer. European journal of pharmacology. 587, 78–84.
- Lavie D, Willner D, Merenlender Z. (1964). Constituents of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Phytochemistry. 3, 51–56.
- Cassady JM, Suffness M. (1980). Terpenoid antitumor agents. Anticancer agents based on natural product models. 201.
- Roy RK, Thakur M, Dixit VK. (2007). Effect of citrullus colocynthis. On hair growth in albino rats. Pharmaceutical biology. 45, 739–744.
- Elgerwi AA, Benzekri Z, El-Magdoub A, et al. (2013). Qualitative identification of the active principles in Citrullus colocynthis and evaluation of its teratogenic effects in albino rats. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 2, 438–445.
- Shafaei H, Esmaeili A, Rad JS, et al. (2012). Citrullus colocynthis as a medicinal or poisonous plant: a revised fact. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6, 4922–4927.
- Fleming T. (2000). PDR for herbal medicines: From Medical Economics Company. New Jersy: USA, 253.