Fine Motor Skills in Children with Tourette Syndrome and their Unaffected First-degree Siblings

	Children w/ TS	Siblings w/o TS	Controls	p-values
N	18	24	20	n/a
Age	11.9 ± 1.9	10.3 ± 1.8	10.4 ± 1.8	0.016
Sex (M / F)	13/5	12/12	10/10	0.277
IQ¹	103.9 ± 12.4	107.1 ± 10.1	113.5 ± 10.3	0.026
Comorbidity²	4 (22.2%)	2 (8.3%)	0	n/a
Medication³	3 (16.7%)	0	0	n/a
ADHD-RS⁴	22.4 ± 15.3	13.9 ± 9.9	9 ± 7.9	0.001
YGTSS⁵	26.1 ± 14.1	n/a	n/a	n/a
Total Tic Severity Score⁶	18.6 ± 8.8	n/a	n/a	n/a
CY-BOCS	1.0 ± 2.3	0	0	>0.05

1 Two-tailed p-values that represent the value across all three groups. See the text for p-values between groups.

11 IQ estimate created using five subtests of WISC-IV (see paragraph 2.5 for description);

12 Children w/ TS: 2 = ADHD, 1 = OCD, 1 = ASD. Siblings w/o TS: 1 = ADHD, 1 = ASD;

13 Anti-tic or ADHD medication: Two participants received noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (atomoxetine) and one received neuroleptics (risperidone, aripiprazole);

14 Parent reported;

15 Global Severity Score;

16 YGTSS w/o impairment; TS: Tourette Syndrome, ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, OCD: Obsessive compulsive disorder, ASD: Autism spectrum disorder, ADHD-RS: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale, YGTSS: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, CY-BOCS: Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale.

TABLE 2.

Purdue Pegboard Task results.

Purdue Pegboard	Children w/ TS	Siblings w/o TS	Controls	p-value¹	$η_{p}^{2}$ 2
Dominant hand	12.9 ± 2.2	13.5 ± 1.9	13.9 ± 2.0	0.189	0.057
Non-dominant hand	12.6 ± 2.2	12.6 ± 2.0	13.2 ± 1.8	0.345	0.037
Bimanual	10.7 ± 1.9	10.7 ± 1.4	11.0 ± 1.4	0.914	0.003
Assemble	30.7 ± 5.4	30.2 ± 5.7	33.1 ± 5.3	0.175	0.059
Total	66.9 ± 9.2	67,0 ± 9.8	71.2 ± 8,8	0.176	0.059

1 Purdue Pegboard Test results are presented as means ± standard deviation. Results are controlled for age and IQ-estimates.

11 Analysis of Covariance, ANCOVA. Two-tailed p-values.

12 Partial eta squared, effect size. TS: Tourette Syndrome.

TABLE 3.

Correlations between parent reported ADHD-RS and Purdue Pegboard scores across all groups.

Purdue Pegboard	Pearson Correlation	p-value¹
Dominant hand	-0.39	0.002
Non-dominant hand	-0.25	0.050
Bimanual	-0.26	0.039
Assemble	-0.36	0.004
Total	-0.39	0.002

11 Two-tailed p-values. Degrees of freedom = 60.

The Correlation between total Perdue Pegboard task and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) scores: Children with lower ADHD-RS scores performed better on the Perdue Pegboard task than children with higher scores. An inverse correlation was found across groups between total Perdue Pegboard task performance and total parent-reported ADHD-RS scores (r60 = -0.392, p = 0.002).

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjcapp-2023-0006 | Journal eISSN: 2245-8875

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 60 - 68

Published on: Jun 22, 2023

Published by: Center for Evidence-based Psychiatry

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

ADHD,

Related subjects:

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2023 Marie Louise Boeg Tygesen, Katrine Maigaard, Julie Hagstrøm, Liselotte Skov, Kerstin Jessica Plessen, Nanette Marinette Monique Debes, published by Center for Evidence-based Psychiatry
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 11 (2023): Issue 1 (January 2023)

Fine Motor Skills in Children with Tourette Syndrome and their Unaffected First-degree Siblings

Figures & Tables

TABLE 1.

TABLE 2.

TABLE 3.

FIGURE 1.

Paradigm

My account