The association between suicidal behaviour and violence, sexual abuse, and parental substance abuse among Sami and Greenlandic adolescents: the WBYG study and the NAAHS

	Female		Male		Total		Effect gender of	Female		Male		Total		Effect gender of	Effect ethnicity of
	N	%	N	%	N	%	X^2/P	N	%	N	%	N	%	X^2/P	X^2/p
Outcome variables
Suicidal behavior
Suicidal thoughts	108	50.7	58	26.7	166	37.6	26.07^p<.001	116	51.8	30	18.6	146	36.6	43.73^p<.001	.026^.873
No suicidal thoughts	105	49.3	159	73.3	264	59.7		108	48.2	131	81.4	239	59.9
Suicide attempts	35	16.4	7.4	16	51	11.5	8.34⁰⁰⁴	75	33.3	15	9.3	90	22.6	30.28^p<.001	19 17^p<.001
No suicide attempts	178	83.6	200	92.6	378	85.5		150	66.7	146	90.7	296	74.2
Negative life events
Experienced violence	39	18.1	58	26.1	97	22.2	4.03⁰⁴⁵	48	20.8	29	17.3	77	19.3	.77^.379	.92^.338
Not experienced violence	176	81.9	164	73.9	340	77.8		183	79.2	139	82.7	322	80.7
Experienced sexual abuse	19	8.9	8	3.6	27	6.2	5.39⁰²⁰	35	15.2	1	.6	36	9.0	25.11^p<.⁰⁰¹	2.55¹¹⁰
Not experienced sexual abuse	194	91.1	216	96.4	410	93.8		196	84.8	167	99.4	363	91.0
Parents' substance abuse: Yes	10	4.7	20	8.8	30	6.8	3.06.⁰⁸⁰	153	67.4	87	53.7	240	61.7	7.51⁰⁰⁶	285.98^p<.001
Parents' substance abuse: No	205	95.3	206	91.2	411	93.2		74	32.6	75	46.3	149	38.3
Associated variables
Socio-demographics
Gender	216	48.9	226	51.1				231	57.9	168	42.1
Living situation							1.87^.600							9.28^.026	70.05^p<.001
Living with both parents	139	64.4	131	58.7	270	61.5		101	44.9	65	42.5	166	41.6
Single-parent family	53	24.5	66	29.6	119	26.9		77	34.2	38	24.8	115	28.8
Living in a stepparent family	18	8.3	21	9.4	39	8.8		9	4.0	15	9.8	24	6.0
Outside biological family	6	2.8	5	2.2	11	2.5		38	16.9	35	22.9	73	18.3
Living context							.09^.764							.33^.566	65.43^p<.001
Urban living	103	47.7	111	49.1	214	48.4		173	74.9	130	77.4	96	24.1
Rural living	113	52.3	115	50.9	228	51.6		58	25.1	38	22.6	303	75.9

1 Based on working samples of 442 Sami (NAAHS year 2003-05) and Inuit (WBYG year 2004-05) adolescents, aged 15-16

Table 2

OR of suicidal thoughts on negative life events and socio-demographic independent variables.

	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Negative life events
Not experienced negative life event	1.0 (ref.)
Experienced violence	2.49 (1.56-3.98)^a	2.91 (1.71-4.97)^a	3.09 (1.85-5.16)^a	3.02 (1.66-5.50)^a
Experienced sexual abuse	7.85 (2.91-21.17)^a	7.92 (2.53-24.79)^a	5.80 (2.64-12.73)^a	2.37 (1.00-5.61)^c
Parental substance abuse	1.66 (.77-3.57)	1.64 (.67-3.99)	1.97 (1.27-3.06)^b	1.40 (.85-2.31)
Female gender	2.82 (1.88-4.22)^a	3.44 (2.18-5.45)^a	4.69 (2.92-7.55)^a	4.23 (2.45-7.28)^a
Family situation
Living with both parents	1.0 (ref.)
Living in a single-parent family	1.28 (.816-2.01)	1.37 (.83-2.26)	1.65 (1.00-2.73)^c	1.57 (.90-2.73)
Living in a stepparent family	5.34 (2.47-11.53)^a	5.65 (2.40-13.33)^a	2.02 (.83-4.88)	2.48 (.85-7.18)
Living outside the biological family	1.13 (.32-3.96)	.44 (.09-2.18)	1.80 (1.01-3.21)^c	1.93 (.95-3.89)^d
Rural living	.91 (.62-1.35)	1.12 (.72-1.75)	1.87 (1.16-3.01)^c	1.44 (.80-2.60)

1 Based on working samples of 442 Sami (NAAHS year 2003-05) and Inuit (WBYG year 2004-05) adolescents, aged 15-16.

Note: Unadjusted model shows crude/unadjusted OR bivariate associations with no controls. Adjusted model shows adjusted OR with control for negative life events, gender, family situation and living context.

^a p ≤ .001, ^b p ≤ .01, ^c p ≤ .05, ^d Strong trend p = .07

Table 3

OR of suicide attempts on negative life events and socio-demographic independent variables.

	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Negative life events
Not experienced negative life event	1.0 (ref.)
Experienced violence	3.49 (1.88-6.48)^a	4.25 (2.09-8.65)^a	3.08 (1.80-5.26)^a	2.94 (1.59-5.45)^a
Experienced sexual abuse	9.31 (4.06-21.33)^a	7.33 (2.90-18.53)^a	5.70 (2.80-11.63)^a	2.47 (1.10-5.55)^c
Parental substance abuse	2.15 (.83-5.59)	1.68 (.52-5.47)	1.75 (1.05-2.91)^c	1.17 (.66-2.07)
Female gender	2.46 (1.32-4.59)^b	2.81 (1.36-5.82)^b	4.87 (2.67-8.86)^a	4.34 (2.21-8.51)^a
Family situation
Living with both parents	1.0 (ref.)
Living in a single-parent family	.75 (.35-1.59)	.72 (.31-1.66)	1.24 (.70-1.19)	1.05 (.56-1.97)
Living in a stepparent family	2.96 (1.30-6.74)^b	3.12 (1.20-8.12)^c	1.03 (.36-2.97)	.99 (.28-3.51)
Living outside the biological family	1.78 (.37-8.63)	.43 (.06-3.19)	1.59 (.84-3.00)	1.21 (.56-2.62)
Rural living	1.28 (.71-2.30)	1.93 (.96-3.88)^d	2.86 (1.71-4.77)^a	2.62 (1.40-4.91)^b

1 Based on working samples of 442 Sami (NAAHS year 2003-05) and Inuit (WBYG year 2004-05) adolescents, aged 15-16

^a p ≤ .001 ^b p ≤ .01 ^c p ≤ .05, ^d Strong trend p = .06

Table 4

Unadjusted and multiple regression analysis predicting suicidal thoughts in Sami and Inuit female and male adolescents

	Females		Males		Females			Males
	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted
	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)
Negative life events
Not experienced negative life event	1.0 (ref.)
Experienced violence	2.22	2.39	3.99	3.66	4.13	3.40	2.38	2.89
	(1.070-4.60)^c	(1.04-.48)^c	(2.05-7.77)^a	(1.82-7.35)^a	(1.98-8.62)^a	(1.55-7.45)^b	(.95-5.94)^d	(1.03-8.14)^c
Experienced sexual abuse	20.63 (2.70-157.65)^b	25.82 (3.11-214.53)^b	2.83 (.69-11.72)	3.04 (.54-17.06)	3.79 (1.64-8.78)^b	2.22 (.89-5.56)	.00^f	.00^f
Parental substance abuse	9.55	11.18	1.06	.84	1.97	1.69	1.29	.94
	(1.19-76.78)^c	(1.17-107.11)^d	(.36-3.11)	(.25-2.82)	(1.12-3.47)^c	(.91-3.14)	(.57-2.92)	(.39-2.29)
Family situation
Living with both parents	1.0 (ref.)
Single-parent family	1.45	1.27	1.39	1.25	1.35	1.29	2.62	3.01
	(.77-2.76)	(.63-2.54)	(.70-2.77)	(.60-2.63)	(.74-2.46)	(.67-2.46)	(.88-7.79)	(.98-9.28)^d
Stepparent family	9.97	7.11	4.99	4.62	8.95	5.69	2.86	2.25
	(2.21-45.03)^b	(1.46-34.55)^c	(1.83-13.64)^b	(1.58-13.56)^b	(1.06-75.56)^c	(.60-53.69)	(.71-11.46)	(.48-10.46)
Outside biological family	1.25	.17	.91	.71	2.01	1.40	2.95	4.74
	(.24-6.39)	(.02-1.85)	(.10-8.46)	(.07-7.21)	(.92-4.38)^e	(.58-3.40)	(.98-8.83)^d	(1.35-16.68)^c
Rural/urban living	.94	1.35	.86	.95	2.91	2.38	.84	.41
	(.55-1.62)	(.73-2.48)	(.47-1.56)	(.49-1.86)	(1.51-5.61)³	(1.13-5.02)^c	(.32-2.25)	(.12-1.36)

1 Based on working samples of 442 Sami (NAAHS year 2003-05) and Inuit (WBYG year 2004-05) adolescents, aged 15-16

The unadjusted model shows crude/unadjusted OR, bivariate associations with no controls. The adjusted model shows adjusted OR with control for all independent variables included in the table (negative life events, family situation and living context).

^ap < .001, ^b p < .01,^c p < .05, ^d Strong trend p = .06,^e Strong trend p = .08, ^f Not valid values due to very few respondents in this category

Table 5

Unadjusted and multiple regression analysis predicting suicide attempts in Sami and Inuit female and male adolescents

	Females		Males		Females			Males
	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted	Unadjusted	Adjusted
	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)	OR (95% Cl)
Negative life events
Not experienced negative life event	1.0 (ref.)
Experienced violence	3.05	3.30	6.96	6.21	3.09	2.92	3.57	3.64
	(1.35-6.88)^b	(1.29-8.41)^c	(2.26-21.41)³	(1.88-20.48)^b	(1.60-5.95)³	(1.41-6.04)^b	(1.16-10-98)^c	(1.02-13.01)^c
Experienced sexual abuse	8.12 (2.98-22.07)³	8.44 (2.89-4.65)^a	8.91 (1.91-41.45)^b	3.25 (.40-26.32)	3.78 (1.79-7.97)³	2.41 (1.05-5.56)^c	.00f	.00^f
Parental substance abuse	1.28 (.26-6.30)	1.24 (.19-.92)	4.43 (1.26-15.54)^c	2.14 (.42-10.88)	1.89 (1.01-3.52)^c	1.53 (.77-3.03)	.74 (.26-2.15)	.54 (.16-1.74)
Family situation
Living with both parents	1.0 (ref.)
Single-parent family	.72 (.27.1.90)	.71 (.25-2.04)	.95 (.28-3.28)	.68 (.16-2.90)	.92 (.48-1.78)	.81 (.39-1.64)	2.90 (.76-11.07)	2.91 (.73-11.57)
Stepparent family	2.76	2.60	3.87	4.45	2.27	1.12	1.04	.85
	(.93-8.17)^e	(.75-.04)	(1.04-14.41)^c	(.93-21.22)^d	(.53-9.67)	(.23-5.57)	(.11-10.00)	(.08-9.06)
Outside biological family	2.76 (.93-8.17)^e	.64 (.07-6.02)	.00^f	.00^f	2.15 (.99-4.66)^d	1.36 (.56-3.32)	1.45 (.31-6.90)	1.05 (.18-6.23)
Rural/urban living	1.14 (.55-2.35)	1.48 (.63-3.48)	1.63 (.57-4.67)	2.87 (.79-10.41)	3.52 (1.88-6.61)^a	2.91 (1.41-6.00)^b	1.86 (.59-5.83)	1.75 (.43-7.11)

1 Based on working samples of 442 Sami (NAAHS year 2003-05) and Inuit (WBYG year 2004-05) adolescents, aged 15-16. The unadjusted model shows crude/unadjusted OR, bivariate associations with no controls. The adjusted model shows adjusted OR with control for all independent variables included in the table (negative life events, family situation and living context). ^ap < .001, ^b p < .01,^c p < .05,^dStrong trend p = .06,^eStrong trend p = .07,^f Not valid values due to few respondents in this category

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjcapp-2023-0002 | Journal eISSN: 2245-8875

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Language: English

Page range: 10 - 26

Published on: Apr 1, 2023

Published by: Center for Evidence-based Psychiatry

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Sami,

Related subjects:

Basic medical science,

Basic medical science, other

© 2023 Ida Pauline Høilo Granheim, Siv Kvernmo, Anne Silviken, Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen, published by Center for Evidence-based Psychiatry
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 11 (2023): Issue 1 (January 2023)