Table 1
Referral reasons across gender.
| Total | Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Sexual Abuse | 58 | 17.7 | 15 | 10.1 | 43 | 25.9 |
| Physical abuse | 238 | 72.8 | 126 | 84.5 | 112 | 67.5 |
| Polyvictimization | 19 | 5.8 | 8 | 5.4 | 11 | 6.6 |
| Missing | 12 | 3.7 | ||||
| Total | 327 | 100 | 149 | 100 | 166 | 100 |
1 Note: χ2(2) = 13.938; p < .001
Table 2
Percentage frequency and mean scores of PTSD symptom items and somatization items in the Darryl (n = 327).
| Frequency (%) | Boys (n = 152) | Girls (n = 175) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score | Never 0 | Some of the time 1 | Most of the time 2 | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t | p | Cohen’s d |
| Re-experiencing symptoms | ||||||||||
| Intrusive recollections | 23.2 | 46.2 | 30.6 | .969 | .728 | 1.149 | .727 | -2.004 | .046 | .222 |
| Play re-enactment of the trauma | 84.7 | 11.9 | 3.4 | .230 | .521 | .149 | .416 | 1.576 | .116 | .175 |
| Nightmares in general | 39.4 | 42.2 | 18.3 | .625 | .708 | .931 | .724 | -3.864 | <.001 | .428 |
| Nightmares about the trauma | 57.8 | 32.1 | 10.1 | .415 | .624 | .617 | .700 | -2.744 | .006 | .304 |
| Acting/recurring feeling as if the event is | 51.1 | 34.6 | 14.4 | .553 | .689 | .703 | .745 | -1.894 | .059 | .209 |
| Psychological distress at reminders | 56.6 | 28.4 | 15.0 | .467 | .699 | .686 | .757 | -2.713 | .007 | .299 |
| Physiological distress at reminders | 56.0 | 31.2 | 12.8 | .441 | .688 | .680 | .712 | -3.087 | .002 | .341 |
| Avoidance symptoms | ||||||||||
| Avoidance of thoughts and feelings | 19.6 | 37.9 | 42.5 | .1.237 | .778 | 1.223 | .736 | .166 | .868 | .018 |
| Avoidance of people and activities | 48.3 | 31.8 | 19.9 | .651 | .783 | .771 | .769 | -1.395 | .164 | .155 |
| Inability the event to recall important aspects of | 38.5 | 38.8 | 22.6 | .868 | .795 | .817 | .743 | .600 | .549 | .067 |
| Loss of interest in usual activities | 63.3 | 26.9 | 9.8 | .309 | .612 | .600 | .687 | -4.028 | <.001 | .445 |
| Detachment/social withdrawal | 67.6 | 22.6 | 9.8 | .290 | .583 | .709 | .054 | -3.466 | <.001 | .379 |
| Restricted range of affect | 61.2 | 29.4 | 9.5 | .467 | .690 | .642 | .049 | -.406 | .685 | .045 |
| Sense of foreshortened future | 60.2 | 25.7 | 14.1 | .480 | .709 | .744 | .056 | -1.346 | .179 | .149 |
| Hyperarousal symptoms | ||||||||||
| Difficulty sleep initiating and/or sustaining | 39.4 | 29.7 | 30.9 | .783 | .797 | .854 | .065 | 2.690 | .008 | .297 |
| Irritability | 45.6 | 33.3 | 21.1 | .697 | .789 | .771 | .058 | -1.252 | .212 | .139 |
| Decreased concentration | 42.8 | 37.3 | 19.9 | .625 | .744 | .751 | .057 | -3.284 | .001 | .364 |
| Hypervigilance | 46.8 | 33.9 | 19.3 | .605 | .756 | .761 | .056 | -2.655 | .008 | .294 |
| Exaggerated startle response | 55.4 | 26.0 | 18.7 | .507 | .737 | .800 | .060 | -2.778 | .006 | .306 |
| Somatization | ||||||||||
| Stomachache | 44.3 | 41.0 | 14.7 | .579 | .646 | .746 | .056 | -3.020 | .003 | .332 |
| Headache | 53.8 | 33.0 | 13.1 | .533 | .699 | .719 | .054 | -1.436 | .152 | .159 |
Table 3
Internal consistencies (Cronbach’s α) for the total scale and subscales of the Darryl for the version for sexual abuse and the version for physical abuse. Also, means and SD on the Darryl scales for the two abuse types and combined abuse.
| Darryl version | Sexual abuse α | Physical abuse α | Physical abuse Mean (SD) | Sexual abuse Mean (SD) | Combined abuse Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total scale | .90 | .87 | 12.260 (7.443) | 13.850 (8.102) | 17.50 (9.196) |
| Re-experiencing subscale | .86 | .77 | 4.153 (3.106) | 4.663 (3.295) | 6.333 (4.097) |
| Avoidance subscale | .77 | .69 | 4.549 (2.979) | 4.813 (3.171) | 6.750 (2.927) |
| Hyperarousal subscale | .88 | .67 | 3.557 (2.647) | 4,375 (3.070) | 4.667 (3.172) |
Table 4
Pearson’s r correlations between the total scale and subscales of the Darryl test and subscales of Beck Youth Inventory.
| PTSD Total | Re-experiencing | Avoidance | Hyperarousal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |
| BYI-II Depression (n = 112) | .526 | <.001* | .313 | <.001* | .550 | <.001* | .502 | <.001* |
| BYI-II Anxiety (n = 113) | .495 | <.001* | .381 | <.001* | .450 | <.001* | .440 | <.001* |
| BYI-II Anger (n = 109) | .496 | <.001* | .318 | <.001* | .482 | <.001* | .486 | <.001* |
| BYI-II Disruptive behavior (n = 104) | .241 | .012* | .158 | .104 | .285 | .003* | .188 | .057 |
| BYI-II Self-concept (n = 112) | -.203 | .032* | -.090 | .348 | -.260 | .006* | -.176 | .064 |
Table 5
Pearson’s r correlations between total scale and subscales of the Darryl test and the SDQ Total Difficulties scale and subscales parent report version (n = 63).
| PTSD Total | Re-experiencing | Avoidance | Hyperarousal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |
| SDQ Total Difficulties | .196 | .013* | .091 | .476 | .200 | .117 | .234 | .084 |
| Emotional problems | .284 | .024* | .188 | .141 | .252 | .046* | .317 | .011* |
| Conduct problems | .148 | .248 | .116 | .391 | .107 | .402 | .177 | .164 |
| Hyperactivity | .125 | .330 | .050 | .695 | .161 | .208 | .122 | .342 |
| Peer Problems | .001 | .996 | -.084 | .513 | .039 | .760 | .057 | .658 |
| Prosocial behavior | .061 | .633 | .078 | .539 | -.012 | .924 | .098 | .446 |
| Impact scale (n = 59) | .241 | .066 | .070 | .601 | .275 | .035* | .301 | .020* |