Figure 1:
![Constitutive elements of a fault zone (from: [10] modified).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/676b20907306cc7e8721e5bc/j_sgem-2025-0001_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251106%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251106T084748Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=cf091fddd79b677ea774996e99675a63e9715b1c6f7b4d934f8d4c6c113e63fb&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2:
![Schematic geostructural map of the ‘Candelaro’ fault area (from: [27] modified).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/676b20907306cc7e8721e5bc/j_sgem-2025-0001_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251106%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251106T084748Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=e1b0a3b7de0a0ec52e1e0ba2cc37a2d679e05fdc5555e0cccca662f458ff7066&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3:
![Seismicity of the ‘Candelaro’ fault area: a) historical and instrumental seismicity (from: [33, 34] modified) and b) depth and magnitude of earthquakes (from: [39] modified).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/676b20907306cc7e8721e5bc/j_sgem-2025-0001_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251106%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251106T084748Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=1930aa2281a02a1191d0b50ba4095cf77835c4e58fe7d9ad36b1d48875efad35&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4:
![Average input spectra of horizontal and vertical accelerations used for LSR analysis, compared with elastic spectra for rigid substrate of cat. ‘A’ and horizontal topography [52].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/676b20907306cc7e8721e5bc/j_sgem-2025-0001_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251106%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251106T084748Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=199d50162de054888b233045fb92dc1b57394abf9c6d499a64e31c9cc65420c7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
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Quasi-static analyses: failure types, maximum displacement values, extents of fault core and damage zone_
| Kinematism | Dip angles (degrees) | Type of failure | Maximum displacement on the ground level (m) | Extent of fault core zone on the ground level (m) | Extent of the damage zone on the ground level (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal fault | 30 | Conjugate failure surfaces | 1.49 | 6.50 | 9.90 |
| 45 | Single failure surface | 1.83 | 7.70 | 9.60 | |
| 60 | Conjugate failure surfaces | 2.58 | 7.80 | 9.50 | |
| Reverse fault | 30 | Trailing imbricate fan and conjugate surfaces | 1.48 | 26.50 | 84.50 |
| 45 | Trailing imbricate fan and conjugate surfaces | 1.82 | 56.10 | 61.50 | |
| 60 | Conjugate failure surfaces | 2.57 | 20.70 | 163.20 |
Values of physical–mechanical parameters of limestone, layer discontinuities and faults (from: [14], [16], [18])_
| Physical–mechanical parameters for Mohr–Coulomb elasto-plastic criterion | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithotype | Natural unit weight γa (kN/m3) | Friction angle φi (degrees) | Cohesion ci (MPa) | UCS strength σci (MPa) | Tensile strength σti (MPa) | Young modulus Ei (GPa) | Bulk modulus Ki (GPa) | Shear modulus Gi (GPa) | Dilation angle (degrees) |
| Altamura Limestone | 24 | 50 | 13 | 69 | 11 | 60 | 33 | 25 | 7 |
| Mechanical parameters of discontinuities for Mohr–Coulomb ‘area-contact’ criterion | |||||||||
| Rock mass | Joint type | Joint normal stiffness JKN (GPa/m) | Joint shear stiffness JKS (GPa/m) | Joint tensile strength Jtens (MPa) | Joint friction angle Jfric (degrees) | Joint cohesion Jcoh (MPa) | Layers dip (degrees) | Layers spacing (m) | Joint dilation angle (degrees) |
| Altamura Limestone | Layers and faults | 249 | 104 | 0.70 | 39 | 5.29 | 0 | 0.80 | 7 |
Input parameters for searching accelerograms in the seismological European Strong-motion database_
| Acceleration component | Magnitude range | Epicentral distance range (km) | Site class | Topographic class | Nominal life (years) | Usage class | Limit state | Scaled records |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horizontal | 5.6–7 | 0–20 | A | T1 | 50 | II | SLV | No |
| Vertical | 5.2–7 | 0–30 | A | T1 | 50 | II | SLV | Yes |
Dynamic case study analysis of the ‘Candelaro’ active and capable normal fault: failure type, displacement values, extents of fault core and damage zone_
| Kinematism | Dip angles (degrees) | Type of failure | Displacement in depth along the fault plane UDEC simulation (m) | Displacement on the ground level UDEC simulation (m) | Displacement on the ground level equation [2] (m) | Displacement along the fault plane - Hanks and Kanamori’s equation (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal fault | 45 | Conjugate surfaces ‘Graben o flower structure’ | 0.80–1.30 | 0.1–0.2 | 0.12 | 0.92 |
Minimum, maximum and residual values of calcarenite physical–mechanical parameters (from: [5], [15], [17], [23], [26], [59])_
| Physical–mechanical parameters for Mohr–Coulomb Strain-Softening criterion | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithotype | Natural unit weight γa (kN/m3) | Porosity nmin - nmax (%) | Imbibition coefficient Cimin - Cimax (%) | Friction angle φres - φmax (degrees) | Cohesion cres - cmax (MPa) | UCS strength σcmax (MPa) | Tensile strength σtres - σtmax (MPa) | Young modulus Emax (GPa) | Bulk modulus Kmax (GPa) | Shear modulus Gmax (GPa) | Dilation angle Δres - Δmax (degrees) |
| Gravina Calcarenite | 19 | 35 – 50 | 15 – 40 | 30 – 38 | 0.13 – 0.29 | 2.0 | 0.11 – 0.26 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 3 – 5 |